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Microbio > Bacterial gnetics, metabolism and structure > Flashcards

Bacterial gnetics, metabolism and structure Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary role of nucleic acids in cells?

A

To encode hereditary information and play a role in the synthesis of proteins.

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2
Q

What are the two major classes of nucleic acids?

A

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic Acid).

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3
Q

How is the genetic material organized in prokaryotes?

A

It is not enclosed in a nucleus; instead, it is located in the cytoplasm and typically organized in a single circular chromosome.

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4
Q

Do prokaryotes have a nuclear membrane?

A

No, prokaryotes do not have a nuclear membrane.

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5
Q

How do prokaryotes divide?

A

Through binary fission.

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6
Q

How many chromosomes do prokaryotes typically have?

A

One circular chromosome.

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7
Q

What is the size of ribosomes in prokaryotes?

A

70S.

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8
Q

How is the genetic material organized in eukaryotes?

A

It is enclosed within a nuclear envelope and organized into linear chromosomes associated with histones.

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9
Q

How many chromosomes do eukaryotes typically have?

A

More than one chromosome.

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10
Q

What is the size of ribosomes in eukaryotes?

A

80S

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11
Q

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

DNA within a nuclear membrane - X
Membrane Bound Organelles - X

A

Prokaryotes

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12
Q

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

Cell wall containing peptidoglycan - /

A

Eukaryotes

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13
Q

a double-stranded, closed, circular DNA molecule that exists independently of the bacterial chromosome.

A

plasmid

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14
Q

How do plasmids replicate?

A

Plasmids replicate autonomously, independently of the bacterial chromosome.

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15
Q

How many plasmids can be present in a bacterial cell?

A

The number of plasmids per cell can vary.

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16
Q

What kind of genes do plasmids contain?

A

Plasmids contain several genes, which can include those for antibiotic resistance, virulence factors, or other functions.

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17
Q

What are transposable elements also known as?

A

“Jumping genes.”

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18
Q

How do transposable elements move within the genome?

A

They move from one genetic element to another, such as between plasmids and chromosomes.

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19
Q

Can transposable elements replicate independently?

A

No, they cannot replicate independently and require a host genome for replication.

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20
Q

What are the two types of transposable elements?

A

Simple transposon (insertion sequence or IS) and composite transposon.

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21
Q

what type of transposable element contains only the genes necessary for its movement and insertion.

A

simple transposon (IS)

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22
Q

what type of transposable element contains additional genes, such as those for antibiotic resistance, flanked by IS elements.

A

composite transposon

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23
Q

a plasmid capable of replicating independently of the host chromosome and is considered part of the bacterial genome.

A

episomes

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24
Q

How does the stability of episomes compare to chromosomal DNA?

A

Episomes are not as stable as chromosomal DNA and may be lost during cell replication.

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25
Q

the process by which a single bacterial cell divides to produce two genetically identical daughter cells.

A

binary fission

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26
Q

Why must the genome be replicated during cell division?

A

To ensure that each daughter cell receives an identical copy of the functional DNA.

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27
Q

What is the purpose of DNA replication being accurate?

A

To prevent mutations and ensure the genetic information is correctly passed on to daughter cells.

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28
Q

Genetic exchange: the uptake of naked (free) DNA from the environment by a bacterial cell.

A

Transformation

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29
Q

How does DNA enter a recipient cell during transformation?

A

DNA is released into the environment when a donor bacterial cell dies and undergoes lysis

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30
Q

Which bacteria are known to undergo transformation?

A

Haemophilus, Streptococcus, and Neisseria.

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31
Q

What types of traits can transformation confer to bacteria?

A

Antibiotic resistance and the ability to cause disease.

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32
Q

Is transformation limited to bacteria of the same species?

A

No, transformation can occur between bacteria of different species.

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33
Q

Genetic exchange: transfer of bacterial DNA from one bacterium to another via a bacteriophage.

A

transduction

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34
Q

Transduction is the transfer of bacterial DNA from one bacterium to another via

A

bacteriophage

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35
Q

What types of transduction are there?

A

Generalized transduction and specialized transduction.

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36
Q

Type of transduction: Any bacterial DNA can be transferred when a bacteriophage mistakenly packages bacterial DNA into its viral capsid.

A

generalized transduction

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37
Q

type of transduction: Specific bacterial genes are transferred when a bacteriophage integrates into the bacterial genome and excises incorrectly, carrying adjacent bacterial genes.

A

specialized transduction

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38
Q

Genetic exchange: the transfer of genetic material between two living bacterial cells through direct cell-to-cell contact.

A

COnjugation

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39
Q

How is conjugation mediated in bacteria like E. coli?

A

By a sex pilus, a protein appendage that facilitates contact between donor and recipient cells.

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40
Q

What role do plasmids play in conjugation?

A

Plasmids are transferred from the donor cell to the recipient cell and must be replicated.

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41
Q

genetic elements that can move from one location to another within the genome, facilitating genetic recombination.

A

Transposons

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42
Q

What is the primary purpose of metabolic pathways in bacteria?

A

The acquisition of nutrients from the environment.

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43
Q

What molecules can pass through bacterial cell membranes via simple diffusion?

A

Water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.

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44
Q

What is the most common method for the uptake of nutrients in bacteria?

A

Active transport.

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45
Q

Acquisition of nutrient:
A transport mechanism that requires energy and involves the chemical modification of the transported substance during its passage through the cell membrane.

A

group translocation

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46
Q

Methods of Nutrient Acquisition: Energy-dependent transport of nutrients

A

Active transport

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47
Q

What is the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway more commonly known as?

A

Glycolysis

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48
Q

Name an alternative pathway to glycolysis for the degradation of gluconate and glucose.

A

The Entner-Doudoroff pathway.

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49
Q

What cycle follows glycolysis in bacterial metabolism?

A

The Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle.

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50
Q

what are the 2 alternate pathways for the production of metaolites

A
  1. Entner-Doudoroff pathway
  2. Pentose Phosphate pathway
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51
Q

Why is energy production important for bacteria?

A

It produces the energy required for nearly all cellular processes, including nutrient uptake and precursor production.

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52
Q

What are the two main types of phosphorylation that generate ATP in bacteria?

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation.

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53
Q

What is the terminal electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?

A

oxygen

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54
Q

What are some possible terminal electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration?

A

Nitrate, sulfate, and other molecules other than oxygen.

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55
Q

Main purpose is To produce essential building blocks such as amino acids, fatty acids, sugars, and nucleotides from precursor products.

A

Biosynthesis

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56
Q

What type of metabolism is biosynthesis dependent on?

A

Anabolic metabolism.

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57
Q

The process of assembling smaller building blocks into larger macromolecules.

A

Polymerization and Assembly

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58
Q

What drives the synthesis of macromolecules in bacterial cells?

A

The synthesis is driven by energy (often in the form of ATP) and enzymatic activity.

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59
Q

5 macromolecules

A

lipids
lipopolysaccharides
polysaccharides
proteins
nucleic acids

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60
Q

What type of microorganisms are bacteria?

A

Single-cell prokaryotic microorganisms.

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61
Q

Do bacteria have membrane-bound organelles?

A

No, bacteria lack membrane-bound organelles.

62
Q

How do bacteria typically reproduce?

A

By binary fission.

63
Q

Are fungi and parasites prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

They are eukaryotic.

64
Q

Can fungi be single-cell or multicellular?

A

Yes, fungi can be single-cell (yeasts) or multicellular (molds).

65
Q

Are viruses considered cellular organisms?

A

No, viruses are not considered cellular organisms.

66
Q

Why do viruses need a host cell?

A

They need a host cell to replicate because they cannot reproduce independently.

67
Q

abnormal infectious proteins.

A

Prions

68
Q

Do prions contain genetic material?

A

No, prions do not contain DNA or RNA.

69
Q

Bacterial morphology: circular/spherical

A

cocci

70
Q

Bacterial morphology: Ovoid/slightly elongated

A

coccobacilli

71
Q

Bacterial morphology: Rod shaped

A

bacilli

72
Q

Bacterial morphology: Rod-shaped with pointed ends

A

Fusiform

73
Q

Bacterial morphology:
curved / comma like

A

curved

73
Q

Bacterial morphology: spiral / helical

A

spiral

73
Q

What color do gram-positive bacteria stain?

A

Deep blue or purple

74
Q

What color do gram-negative bacteria stain?

A

Pink to red

75
Q

What is the main structural difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?

A

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer, while gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane.

76
Q

what are the steps for staining

A

Primary stain
Mordant
Decolorizer
Counterstain

77
Q

What is the first step in preparing a bacterial sample for Gram staining?

A

Prepare a smear of the bacterial sample on a microscope slide, air dry it, and then heat-fix the cells to the slide.

78
Q

What is the primary stain used in Gram staining?

A

Crystal violet.

79
Q

It acts as a mordant, forming a complex with the crystal violet that gets trapped in the thick peptidoglycan layer of gram-positive cells.

A

Grams Iodine

80
Q

Gram staining decolorizer

A

Alcohol or acetone

81
Q

What is the role of the decolorizer in Gram staining?

A

The decolorizer (alcohol and/or acetone) removes the crystal violet-iodine complex from gram-negative cells but not from gram-positive cells, due to differences in cell wall structure.

82
Q

What is the counterstain used in Gram staining, and what is its purpose?

A

Safranin is the counterstain used to stain gram-negative cells pink to red, providing a contrast to the deep blue or purple of gram-positive cells.

83
Q

Who developed the Gram stain technique?

A

Hans Christian Gram.

84
Q

What is the primary purpose of the Gram stain?

A

To provide a rapid, presumptive identification of microorganisms.

85
Q

Why is the Gram stain considered a differential stain?

A

Because it differentiates bacteria based on their cell wall structure, allowing for the distinction between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

86
Q

Why do gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet dye?

A

Because they have a thick peptidoglycan layer that traps the crystal violet-iodine complex.

87
Q

Why do gram-negative bacteria allow the crystal violet to wash out easily?

A

Because they have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane, which does not retain the crystal violet-iodine complex when decolorized.

88
Q

What type of cell wall do gram-positive bacteria have?

A

A thick peptidoglycan layer with numerous teichoic acid cross-linkages.

89
Q

What additional structure do gram-negative bacteria have that gram-positive bacteria do not?

A

An outer lipid bilayer.

90
Q

what staining technique, identify bacteria whose cell walls contain long-chain fatty acids, such as mycolic acid.

A

acid-fast stain

91
Q

Why is the acid-fast stain considered a differential stain?

A

Because it distinguishes bacteria based on their cell wall composition, specifically the presence of mycolic acids.

92
Q

What makes acid-fast bacteria resistant to decolorization by acid alcohol?

A

The presence of long-chain fatty acids (mycolic acids) in their cell walls.

93
Q

Which genus of bacteria is most commonly associated with being acid-fast?

A

Mycobacterium

94
Q

What is the primary stain used in acid-fast staining?

A

Carbolfuchsin red.

95
Q

What solution is used as the decolorizer in acid-fast staining?

A

An acid alcohol solution, typically a mixture of hydrochloric acid and ethanol.

96
Q

What happens to non-acid-fast cells during the decolorization step in acid-fast staining?

A

They lose the carbolfuchsin red stain and become colorless.

97
Q

What is the counterstain used in acid-fast staining?

A

Methylene blue.

98
Q

What color do acid-fast bacteria appear after acid-fast staining?

A

red

99
Q

What color do non-acid-fast bacteria appear after acid-fast staining?

A

blue

100
Q

What are the two main divisions of bacterial cell components?

A

Outer cell structure and its appendages (cell envelope), and the cell’s interior.

101
Q

What type of bacteria have an outer membrane as part of their cell envelope?

A

Gram-negative bacteria.

102
Q

What is the primary component of the bacterial cell wall?

A

Peptidoglycan macromolecules (murein layer).

103
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasmic or cell membrane?

A

It encloses the cytoplasm, regulates the entry and exit of substances, and is involved in various metabolic processes.

104
Q

protein structures located in the outer membrane that form water-filled channels controlling the passage of nutrients and solutes (including antibiotics).

A

Porins

105
Q

They facilitate the attachment of the outer membrane to the cell wall and serve as adhesins for attachment to a host cell or as transporters.

A

Murein lipoproteins

106
Q

It is the space between the outer membrane and the cytoplasmic membrane, found in gram-negative bacteria

A

Periplasm

107
Q

outer membrane is composed of

A

lipopolysaccharides

108
Q

It contains essential enzymes and proteins, plays a role in disease causation, and houses porins for nutrient and solute passage.

A

Outer membrane

109
Q

What is the main component of the bacterial cell wall?

A

Peptidoglycan (murein) layer.

110
Q

Provides shape and strength to the cell, protects against mechanical disruption, and acts as a barrier to larger substances.

A

Cell wall

111
Q

What two molecules make up the disaccharide-pentapeptide units in the peptidoglycan layer?

A
  1. N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
  2. N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM).
112
Q

In which type of bacteria is the peptidoglycan layer thicker?

A

Gram-positive bacteria.

113
Q

What are teichoic acids composed of?

A

Glycerol or ribitol phosphate polymers combined with various sugars, amino acids, and amino sugars.

114
Q

In which type of bacteria are teichoic acids found?

A

Gram-positive bacteria.

115
Q

How are teichoic acids linked within the bacterial cell?

A

They can be linked to N-acetylmuramic acid or to the cytoplasmic membrane as lipoteichoic acid

116
Q

In which bacteria are mycolic acids found?

A

Mycobacteria.

117
Q

What is the function of mycolic acids in bacterial cells?

A

They make the cell more refractory to toxic substances, such as acids.

118
Q

In which type of bacteria is the periplasmic space typically found?

A

Gram-negative bacteria

119
Q

What structures bound the periplasmic space?

A

The internal surface of the outer membrane and the external surface of the cytoplasmic membrane.

120
Q

What layer is contained within the periplasmic space?

A

The murein (peptidoglycan) layer.

121
Q

What is the function of the gel-like substances in the periplasmic space?

A

They assist in capturing nutrients from the environment.

122
Q

Periplasmic space component that assist in capturing nutrients from the environment.

A

Gel like substances

123
Q

What types of enzymes are found in the periplasmic space?

A

Enzymes involved in the degradation of macromolecules and detoxification of environmental solutes, such as antibiotics.

124
Q

In which type of bacteria is the Cytoplasmic (inner) membrane typically found?

A

both gram positive and negative

125
Q

Where is the cytoplasmic membrane located within the bacterial cell?

A

It is the deepest layer of the cell envelope.

126
Q

What components are heavily present in the cytoplasmic membrane?

A

Various proteins and enzymes vital to cellular metabolism.

127
Q

What additional function does the cytoplasmic membrane serve besides housing metabolic proteins and enzymes?

A

It acts as an additional osmotic barrier.

128
Q

Where is the capsule located in gram-positive bacteria?

A

Exterior to the murein layer.

129
Q

Where is the capsule located in gram-negative bacteria?

A

Exterior to the outer membrane.

130
Q

What is the capsule composed of?

A

High molecular weight polysaccharides.

131
Q

Its function is it Protects the bacteria from attack by the human immune system and facilitates bacterial colonization on surfaces.

A

Bacterial capsule

132
Q

What are fimbriae or pili composed of?

A

Proteinaceous structures.

133
Q

Hairlike, Proteinaceous structures.

A

Fimbriae or pili

134
Q

What is the function of fimbriae or pili?

A

Serve as adhesins to help bacteria attach to host cell surfaces.

135
Q

What specific function does the sex pilus serve in E. coli?

A

Acts as a conduit for the passage of DNA during conjugation.

136
Q

What protein composes flagella?

A

Flagellin.

137
Q

What is the primary function of flagella?

A

Bacterial motility.

138
Q

What type of flagellation involves flagella at both ends of the bacterial cell?

A

Lophotrichous.

139
Q

What type of flagellation involves a single flagellum at one end of the bacterial cell?

A

Monotrichous.

140
Q

What type of flagellation involves a single flagellum at both ends of the bacterial cell?

A

Amphitrichous

141
Q

What type of flagellation involves flagella covering the entire cell surface?

A

Peritrichous.

142
Q

cell interior is composed of?

A
  1. cytosol
  2. nucleoid
  3. plasmids
    4, endospores
143
Q

What main functions occur in the cytosol of bacterial cells?

A

Nearly all cellular functions not conducted by the cell membrane, including metabolic processes and protein synthesis.

144
Q

Why does the cytosol have a granular appearance?

A

Due to the presence of polysomes and inclusions such as storage granules.

145
Q

What is the storage form of glucose in bacterial cells?

A

Glycogen.

146
Q

What is the storage form of inorganic phosphates in bacterial cells?

A

polyphosphate granules

147
Q

Highly coiled DNA intermixed with RNA, polyamines, and various proteins.

A

Nucleoid

148
Q

Extrachromosomal genetic elements that exist independently in the cytosol.

A

plasmids

149
Q

Highly resistant, dormant structures formed by some bacteria.

A

endospores

Microbio (5 decks)

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