Bacterial Diseases

Question 1

Nosocomial Infections

Answer 1

Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, serratia
-produces a lethel exotoxin
-causes tissue necrosis
-inhibits phagocytosis
(Carbenicillin and Gentamicin)
Aseptic hand washing technique between pts

Question 2

Syphilis

Answer 2

Spirochete Treponema pallidum
-chancre sores, feels fine, bacteria invade lymph and blood
-months later eruptions on the skin, swollen lymph nodes, slight fever, headeache, malaise
-years later asymptomatic
-blindness, hearing difficulties, paresis, gummas
WASSERMAN ANTIBODIES
(Penicillin)

Question 3

Pertussis

Answer 3

Bordetella pertussis
-airborne, mostly in children
-Whoop cough, cyanosis, vomiting, hemorrhages of mucus membranes, infections lead to bronchopneumonia
NASOPHARYNGEAL SWADS, BORDET-GENGOU AGAR (RICH IN STARCH AND PENICILLIN)
(Erythromycin)

Question 4

Typhoid Fever

Answer 4

Salmonella Typhi
-Food borne or waterborne
-inflamed intestines, spleen enlargement, accumulates in gall bladder, endotoxins cause the fever
WIDAL TEST- MIX WITH KNOWN CELL PARTS FROM SALMONELLA AND OBSERVE FOR AGGLUTINATION

Question 5

Bubonic Plague

Answer 5

Yersinia pestis
-septicemic form - rodent flea bites, pneumonia from airborne
-chills, fever, enlarged lymph nodes (bubos) purple splotches
-Septicemia plague - blood infection 50% fatal untreated
-Pneumonia plague - contagious from human to human 100%
TEST FOR PLAGUE ANTIBODIES
(Streptomycin or Tetracycline)
-Vaccine, avoid handling wild rodents

Question 6

Choloera

Answer 6

Vibrio cholera
-foodborne or waterborne (garden vegetables, shellfish, etc)
-diarrhea (rice water stools), may lose up to 1 hr of fluid an hour, eyes become grey and sink into sockets
ISOLATE BACTERIA IN STOOLS
(Tetracycline, Erythromycin, replace fluids and electrolytes)
-Improve sanitation, cook and wash veggies/fruit, shellfish

Question 7

Bacterial Meningitis (spinal)

Answer 7

Neisseria meningitides, Haemophilus influenza
-gets into blood meninges
-pneumonia infection
-bacterial toxins in couple of hours cause death
SPINAL TAPS
(Chloramphenicol or Ciprofloxacin)
Vaccine HIB developed in 1985, 85-95% effective

Question 8

Toxic Shock Syndrome

Answer 8

Staphylococcus aureus
-Fever, sunburn like rash, swollen joints, peeling skin on palms and soles, sudden drop in BP
ISOLATE BACTERIUM
(Antibiotics and blood transfusion to get rid of bacteria)
-Sterile, less absorbent tampons

Question 9

Bacterial Pneumonia

Answer 9

Streptococcus pneumonia, Mycoplama pneumonia, Kiebsiella pneumonia, Serratia marcescens
-Airborne with lowered resistance
-Air sacs fill with fluid, otitis media, mastoiditis, pneumococcal meningitis, septic arthritis, endocarditis
ISOLATE FROM SPUTUM, BILE SOLUBILITY TEST
(Penicillin)
-Vaccine

Question 10

Tetanus

Answer 10

Clostridium tetani
-Soilborne through puncture or wound
-Powerful neurotoxins that gets to CNS, painful and violent contractions of muscles to the neck and jaw, paralysis of thoracic muscles
ISOLATION OF BACTERIUM, SYMPTOMS CONCLUSIVE
(Penicillin, muscle relaxants, antitoxins)
-Vaccine, Booster every 7-10 years

Question 11

Gas Gangrene

Answer 11

Clostridium perfringens
-Contact with dead anaerobic tissue (poor circulation)
-lecithinase enzyme (that dissolves cell membranes, releases toxins)
-hyaluronidase (helps bacteria circulate among cells)
-hemolysin (destroys erythrocytes)
ISOLATE BACTERIUM
(Amputation, antitoxings, antibiotics)
-Avoid frostbite, aseptic wounds

Question 12

Botulism

Answer 12

Clostridium botulinum
-soilborne, spores in canning
-blurred vision, difficulty swallowing, flaccid paralysis, respiratory paralysis, death
INSPECT SUSPECTED FOODS INTO LAB ANIMALS
(Antitoxins)
-Sterile canning

Question 13

Tuberculosis

Answer 13

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
-Airborne
-Chronic cough, high fever, sputum may become bloody, tubercles on lungs, weight loss, night sweats, loss of appetite
TUBERCULIN (MANTOUX) TEST, TINE TEST
(Rifampin, streptomycin, isoniazid)
-Vaccine (BCG only approved in Europe)

Question 14

Food Poisoning

Answer 14

Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, Salmonellas sp, E. Coli
-Food or waterborne (oral/ fecal)
-Bacteria produce entertoxins which cause cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
NO TREATMENT
-sterile food processing, refrigerate, cook meats thoroughly, thaw poultry and egg products in the fridge

Question 15

Anthrax

Answer 15

Bacillus anthracis
-skin contact, contact with infected animals, airborne, food and waterborne
-cutaneous form (itching, lesions)
-inhalation form (fever, cough, malaise, fatigue, respiratory shock, death in 24-36 hours)
-GI form (nausea, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, death in 2-5 days)
ISOLATE ORGANISM, GRAM STAIN
(Ciprofloxacin)