Bacterial Diseases 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Pertussis
A
- June→September
- No lifelong immunity→protection wanes after 3-5 yrs
- Transmission→Face to face
- Incubation 3-12 days
- Stage 1: Catarrhal→looks like URI
- Stage 2: Paroxysmal phase
- Stage 3: Convalescent→chronic cough
- paroxysmal cough >14 days that ends w/ post tussive vomiting or whoop→
- PCR>CX for DX CX (culture)
- < 6 months=hospitalization
- TX > 1 mo old→macrolides→azithromycin
- TX > 2 mo old→trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole
- Erythromycin and clarithromycin NOT for < 1 mo d/t risk IHPS (infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis)
2
Q
Acute Rheumatic Fever
A
- Heavily capsulated strain w/ group A Strep w/ rich M protein
- Causes myriad of dz w/ cross rxn of bacterial antigens: migratory arthritis→Syndeham chorea (not initially present)→carditis
- Latent period: 18 days after strep throat→usually resolve in 12 weeks
- Jones criteria: 2 Majors or 1 maj & 2 minors
a. Majors: carditis, polyarthritis, chorea, EM, subQ nodules
b. Minors: Arthralgias & fever - 60% involve mitral valve→suspicion is high w/ new or changing murmurs, cardiomegaly, CHF, pericarditis
- Labs: +ASO supports DX/ CRP & ESR elevated
- Imaging: ECHO→detects regurgitant lesions
- Primary goal: Eradicate strep & antigens
- TX: PCN # 1→does NOT alter cardiac dz→reduces reactive antigen exposure
- Severe TX: corticosteroids & Digoxin
- Syndeham chorea: Haloperidol
- AHA: Benzathine benzylPCN
3
Q
Botulism
A
- Acute neuroparalysis d/t neurotoxin from clostridium botulism→binds irreversibly to presynaptic membranes of peripheral NM jct→blocks AcH
- Cure: Sprouting of new nerve terminals
- FBB: 12-36 hrs post prandial (foodborne botulism)
- WB: 4-14 days of incubation (wound borne)
- GI sxs: paralytic ileus & urinary retention→ precede neuro
- Labs: Mouse neutralization bioassay/ Wound CX/ EMG/ Edrophonium Cl to r/o MG
- TX: Supportive
- Prevention: Pressure cook at 250 for 30 min for at home canning
4
Q
C. Trachoma
A
- Risk factors: Poor SES/ Male foster kids/
- Female presentation: Discharge/ vaginal bleeding/dyspareunia/proctitis/ PID/ fever
- Male presentation: Urethral discharge→scarring in men/proctitis/rectal discharge/ unilateral scrotal swelling
- Newborns: Conjunctivitis at 1-2 weeks/ PNA at 1-3 months
- Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome 5 X more likely
- 6.5 x greater chance of cervical CA
- Infertility/ Miscarriage/ preterm delivery
- Screen all prego/sexually and/or high risk females <25
- General TX: Tetracycline and Macrolides
5
Q
C. Trachomatis
A
- Genital specimens more sensitive than urine for women→same sensitivity in men
- Labs: HIV/Pap/APTIMA/sexual partners/ DFA/ELISA/DNA probes/ PCR &LCR
- TX: Azithromycin & Doxycycline
- TX for Lower GU infection: Single dose
- TX for Upper GU infection: 10 days of a cephalosporin to treat gonorrhea
- Abstain from sex for 7 days
6
Q
C. Trachomatis-Trachoma
A
- Chronic keratoconjunctivitis
- Transmission is care giver←→children
- TX: PO Azithromycine/ Tetracycline eye ointment
7
Q
C. PNA. PNA.
A
- 7-40 y/o males
- Incubation 3-4 wks
- Hoarseness common
- Prolonged symptoms for wks→months despite ABX
- Labs: IgM titer by MIF/ PCR Assay
- Imaging Finding: Single subsegmental infiltrate in lower lobe
- TX: Empiric Doxy for 10-14 days after defervescence d/t lack of rapid testing
- ALT TX: Erythromycin/ azithromycin/ clarithromycin
8
Q
C. psittaci PNA
A
- RARE→acquired d/t bird exposure
- Incubation 5-14 days
- Fever 103-105 is MC sx
- Labs: Paired acute and convalescent sera/ serological test preferred/ MIF&PCR assays
- Imaging Finding: Single lower lobe infiltrate in lower lobes
- TX: Tetracyclines or Doxy for 10-21 days
9
Q
C. Trachomatis PNA
A
- 12,000 infants each year→conjuntivitis/nasopharyngitis/symptomatic PNA
- MOST AFEBRILE
- Labs: DX confirmed by chlamydial inclusion bodies on Giemsa stained smears/ CBC w/ peripheral eosinophilia
- Imaging: Bilateral infiltrates w/ hyperinflation
- TX: Erythromycin
10
Q
Cholera
A
- Hallmark: profuse secretory diarrhea
- Transmission: Fecal→oral
- ABX are NOT essential
- NOT acid resistant
- Increased Risk: Gastrectomy/ H Pylori/ antacids/ H2 blockers/ PPIs increase risk
- 24-48 hrs incubation
- Hypoglycemia: MC lethal complication in kids
- Labs: Stool sample→Gram stain/ CX/ Dark field exam/ Serotyping w/ specific antisera
- TX: Doxycycline and Tetracycline
- Manage dehydryation!!!
11
Q
Diptheria
A
- Manifests as a URI or cutaneous infection caused by: C. Diptheria→exotoxins cause tissue destruction and necrosis→Cardiac toxicity & Neuro toxicity
- Spring or winter
- Communicable for 2-6 weeks w/o ABX
- Incubation 2-5 days
- MC cause of death: Suffocation
- TX: PCN or erythromycin→ Most effective in early stages
- Horse serum anti-toxin→most efficacious early tx given to anyone suspected to have diphtheria
- High mortality rates 40 y/o
12
Q
Gonorrhea
A
- 2nd MC notifiable dz in US
- Purulent infection of mucous membrane
- Spread through sexual contact→ Male to female: 50-70% →Female to Male: 20%
- Neonates: ophthalmia neonatorum & systemic infection
- Women: Cervix/ endocervicitis/ urethritis/rectum/pharynx
- Men: Urethritis/rectum/pharynx
- Prognosis: PID/ectopic pregnancies/infertility/ epididymitis/ epididymorchitis
- Complication: Achilles tneosynovitis
- Labs: NAAT, NAPSA
- TX: Ceftriaxone 1st line…several other options
- NO Fluroquinolones or Tetracycline
13
Q
Salmonellosis
A
- Transmitted via consumption of MC foods: beef/poultry/eggs
- Incubation 6-72 hrs
- Fever progression→persistent and high grade by end of 2nd week
- Loose/bloodless stool
- Labs: Blood CX/ Stool CX from freshly passed stool
- Complications: Malaise and lethargy for months→Typhoid Fever→Splenectomy
- Treatment: ABX ONLY for pts w/ severe dz or at high risk→Quinilone/Macrolide/ Cephalosporin/Fluroquinolone
- Prognosis: 50% of CNS infections are fatal
14
Q
Shigella
A
- Fecal-oral transmission
- Incubation 2-4 days
- Shiga toxin→contributes to severity of dysentery
- Host response: Acute inflammation→PMN cell infiltration→massive destruction of the colonic mucosa
- Risk factors: Peds/ Homosexual men/ inadequate clean water
- Manifestations: Seizure/Diarrhea w/ frank blood/ CNS symptoms
- Labs : Blood CX/ Stool CX/ Enzyme immunoassay
- TX: Fluids/ Vit A/ Zinc/ ABX for 5 days→Beta lactams/ Quinolones/Macrolides
- AVOID Antidiarrheals
15
Q
E. Coli
A
- Causitive bacteria in : UTI/ Choleycystitis/Cholangitis/Traveller’s DZ
- TX for traveller’s DZ : Doxy/ TMP/SMZ/ fluroquinolones & rifampin
- ABX will shorten diarrhea by 24-36 hrs
- AVOID antidiarrheals