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Fundamentals of Microbiology (Y2,S1) > Bacterial Cell Structures > Flashcards

Bacterial Cell Structures Flashcards

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1
Q

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic:
Cell division

A
  • P= direct cell division by binary fission
  • E= mitotic cell division (more complex)
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2
Q

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic: Ribosomes

A
  • P= 70S ribosomes
  • E= 80S ribosomes
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3
Q

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic: Chromosomes

A
  • P= single chromsome w/o a nuclear membrane
  • E= many linear chromosomes enclosed in nuclear membrane
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4
Q

What are spherical bact called

A

Coccus

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5
Q

What are rod shaped bact called

A

Bacillus

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6
Q

What are the rod like, curved bact called

A

Spirillum

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7
Q

What are the v long & thin bact called

A

Filamentous

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8
Q

Whats a “curvier” spirillum bact called

A

Spirochete

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9
Q

Outer structures of typical bacterial cell (6)

A
  1. Capsule
  2. Cell wall
  3. LPS
  4. Flagella
  5. Pilli
  6. Fimbriae
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10
Q

Inner structures of typical bacterial cell (6)

A
  1. Nucleoid
  2. Ribosomes
  3. Endospore
  4. Storage granules
  5. Magnetosomes
  6. Crystalline inclusions
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11
Q

What is it referred to if the glycocalyx is attched to cell & forms rigid layers

A

Capsule

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12
Q

What is it referred to if the glycocalyx is not attched to cell & is easily deformed

A

Slime layer

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13
Q

What is the capsule

A

Polysaccharide material lying o/s the cell

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14
Q

Do gram pos bact have thick/thin peptidoglycan

A

THICK!!!!

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15
Q

Do gram neg bact have thick/thin peptidoglycan layer

A

thin!

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16
Q

What is the lipopolysaccharide of gram neg bact composed of

A
  • Lipid A (toxin)
  • Core oligosaccharide
  • O Antigen
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17
Q

What are flagella

A

Long thin structures made of protein subunits called flagellin

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18
Q

What is it called when a bact has one flagellum on one side

A

Polar monotrichous

19
Q

What is it called when a bact has many flagellum on one side

A

Polar lophotrichous

20
Q

What is it called when a bact has flagellum all over it

A

Peritrichous

21
Q

What do Spirochetes have to enable corkscrew motility

A

Axial filaments which are encased within outer membrane

22
Q

What are fimbriae and what are they made of

A
  • Bristle like fibres on cell surface
  • Made of protein
23
Q

FUnction of fimbriae

A

To adhere to surfaces

24
Q

Are pili or fimbriae longer

A

Pili are longer

25
Q

Functions of pili

A
  1. Attachment to tissues
  2. Motility
  3. DNA transfer in some bacteria
26
Q

How does twitching motility work

A
  • Extension of pili
  • Attachment to a surface
  • Retraction
  • Uses a motor for extension/retraction
27
Q

How are pili used for DNA transfer

A
  • Pilus makes contact w recipient cell
  • Pulls cells together
  • DNA transfer occuurs
28
Q

What is the bacterial chromosome like

A

Singular, circular, double stranded DNA molecule

29
Q

How is all the DNA packed into the nucleoid

A

By supercoiling

30
Q

What is supercoiling done by

A

Enzymes called gyrases & topoisomerases

31
Q

What are plasmids

A

Circular, double stranded pieces of DNA which replicate seperately from chromosomal DNA

32
Q

Is the DNA in the plasmid essential for bacrterial survival

A

No, but its advantageous to have

33
Q

Plasmid functions

A
  1. Antibiotic resistance
  2. DNA transfer between bacteria
  3. Synthesis of toxins that kill other bact
  4. Have enzymes for metabolism of unusual molecules - advantage
34
Q

Ribosome function

A

Translate mRNA to protein

35
Q

How can ribosomes be used to identify bact

A

As they contain variable v regions which vary per organism

36
Q

Function of storage granules

A
  1. Energy storage
  2. Structural building blocks
  3. Used when environmental sources are depleted
37
Q

what are magnetosomes

A

Intracellular inclusions of the iron mineral magnetite

38
Q

Function of megnetosomes

A

Enables bact to orient themselves & migrate along geomagnetic field lines

39
Q

What are gas vesicles

A

Small gas filled structures made of protein

40
Q

Function of gas vesicles

A

Confer bouyancy of cells (bact can position themselves in the water for optimum light harvesting)

41
Q

What are crystalline inclusions & function

A

They are a type of storage granule.
Produce toxins.

42
Q

What are endospores

A

Inert, resting cells

43
Q

What is endospore formation triggered by

A

Environmental stress
* Nutrient starvation
* Extreme temp change

44
Q

Steps in Endospore Formation

A
  • STAGE 1: Bacteria in unfavourable conditions
  • STAGE 2: Asymmetric cell division
  • Pre spore forms, septum between pre spore and mother cell
  • STAGE 3: Engulfment
  • Mother cell engulfs pre spore
  • STAGE 4: Cortex
  • Cortex forms, surrounded by cell membrane & wall
  • STAGE 5: Spore coat
  • Coat forms around spore
  • STAGE 5 & 6: Maturation of spore & cell lysis
  • Cell lyses & free endospore released
  • STAGE 7: Germination
  • When environment becomes favourable

Fundamentals of Microbiology (Y2,S1) (9 decks)

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