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bacterial cell structure Flashcards

1
Q

domain that found in microorganisms that grow under extreme environmental conditions

A

Archaea (archaeobacteria)

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2
Q

archaeal cell walls lack?

A

peptidoglycan

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3
Q

gram positive archaea have?

A

thick wall and stain purple

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4
Q

gram-neg archaea

A

have layer of protein covering the cell wall and stain pink

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5
Q

eukaryotic cell

A

larger and contains membrane-encased organelles (little organs) or compartments that serve specific functions

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6
Q

prokaryotic cell

A

noncompartmentalized

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7
Q

bacillus and clostridium produce what?

A

produce endospores in response to harsh environmental conditions

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8
Q

endospores

A

are small, dormant (inactive), asexual spores that develop inside the bacterial cell (active vegetative cell) as a means of survival

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9
Q

thick protein coat of endospores

A

makes them highly resistant to chemical agents, temperature change, starvation, dehydration, ultraviolet and gamma radiation, and dessication

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10
Q

spores

A

highly refractile bodies in the cell; visualized microscopically as unstained areas in the cell with the use of traditional bacterial stains (gram)

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11
Q

most common used endospore stain

A

Schaeffer-Fulton

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12
Q

tennis racquet-shaped or lollipop-shaped appearance

A

clostridium tetani

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13
Q

plasma membrane

A

a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that envelop the cytoplasm

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14
Q

mycobacteria have modified cell wall, and called as?

A

acid-fast cell wall

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15
Q

gram-positive cell wall

A

composed of a very thick protective peptidoglycan (murein) layer

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16
Q

other components of gram-pos cell wall that penetrates to the exterior of the cell are:

A

teichoic acid (anchored to the peptidoglycan)
lipoteichoic acid (anchored to the PM)

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17
Q

outer membrane of gram-neg cell wall

A

contains of proteins, phospholipids, and lipopolysaccharide (lps); LPS contains 3 regions: an antigenic O-specific polysaccharide, a core polysaccharide, & inner lipid A (also called endotoxin)

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18
Q

lipid A moiety

A

responsible for producing fever and shock conditions in patients infected with gram-neg bacteria

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19
Q

periplasmic space

A

gel-like matrix containing nutrient-binding proteins and degradative and detoxifying enzymes; this is absent in gram-pos bacteria

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20
Q

major lipid component; a strong “hydrophobic” molecule that forms a lipid shell around the organism and affects its permeability

A

mycolic acid

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21
Q

becoz of their gram-pos nature, these bacteria stain a faint blue (gram-pos color)

A

Mycobacterium & Nocardia spp.

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22
Q

prokaryotes that belong in these genera that are unique coz they lack a cell wall and contain sterols in thei cell membrane

A

mycoplasma & ureaplasma genera

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23
Q

discrete organized covering

A

capsule

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24
Q

act as virulence factors in helping the pathogen evade phagocytosis

A

capsule

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25
Q

capsule removal (to detect somatic antigens)

A

accomplished by boiling a suspension of the microorganism

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26
Q

capsule does not stain with gram or india ink

A

instead, it appears as clear area (“halo”-like) between or surrounding the stained organism

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27
Q

slime layer

A

made of polysaccharides, serve either to inhibit phagocytosis or, aid in adherence to host tissue or synthetic implants

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28
Q

organ of the locomotion

A

flagellum

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29
Q

exterior protein filaments that rotate and cause bacteria to be motile

A

flagella

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30
Q

extend from one end of the bacterium

A

polar flagellum

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31
Q

polar flagella may occur singly at one or both ends or multiply in tufts at one end

A

lophotrichous

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32
Q

nonmotile, long, hollow protein tubes that connect two bacterial cells and mediate DNA exchange

A

pili (a.k.a conjugation pili)

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33
Q

nonflagellar, sticky, proteinaceous, hairlike appendages that adhere some bacterial cells to one another and to environmental surfaces

A

fimbriae

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34
Q

nucleus of the eukaryotic cell contains DNA of the cell in the form of discrete chromosomes and covered with basic protiens called

A

histones

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35
Q

rounded, refractile body and also located within the nucleus; and site of rRNA synthesis

A

nucleolus

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36
Q

this ER is covered with ribososmes, the site of protein synthesis

A

rough ER

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37
Q

this ER does not synthesize proteins, but it does synthesize phospholipids

A

smooth ER

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38
Q

function is to modify and package proteins sent to it by the roguh ER, depending on the protein’s final destination

A

golgi apparatus/complex

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39
Q

main sites of energy production

A

mitochondria

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40
Q

contain hydrolytic enzymesfor degradation of macromoleculesand microorganisms within the cell

A

lysosomes

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41
Q

contain protective enzymes that break down hydrogen peroxide

A

peroxisomes

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42
Q

found in plant cells, and sites of photosynthesis

A

chloroplasts

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43
Q

produces glucose from carbon dioxide and water

A

photosynthesis

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44
Q

a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that envelops the cytoplasm and regulates transport of macromolecules onto and out of the cell

A

plasma membrane (eukaryotic)

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45
Q

this part of the phospholipids are hydrophilic (water loving) and lie on both the intracellular and extracellular fluids

A

polar heads

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46
Q

are hydrophobic (water hating) and avoid water by lining up in the center of the PM “tail-tail”

A

nonpolar tails

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47
Q

short projections (3 to 10um), usually numerous, that extend from the cell surface and are used for locomotion

A

cilia

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48
Q

small structure located at the base of cilia or flagella, where microtubule proteins involved in movement originate

A

basal body or kinetosome

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49
Q

three basic shapes of bacteria

A

cocci (spherical)
bacilli (rod-shaped)
spirochetes (spiral)

50
Q

bacilli with tapered, pointed ends are termed

51
Q

species varies in size and shape within a pure culture

A

bacterium is pleomorphic

52
Q

most commonly used stain in the clinical microbiology lab

A

gram stain

53
Q

blue-purple color

A

gram-positive

54
Q

pink

A

gram-negative

55
Q

primary stain (1 min)

A

crystal violet

56
Q

mordant or fixative (1 min)

57
Q

decolorizer

A

alcohol/ alcohol acetone solution

58
Q

counter stain (30 secs)

59
Q

used to stain bacteria that have high lipid and wax content

A

acid-fast stain

60
Q

red dye; used as the primary stain

A

carbolfuchsin

61
Q

genera that are gram-pos

A

nocardia and rhodococcus

62
Q

fluorochrome dye that stains both gram-pos and gram-neg bacteria, living or dead; used to locate bacteria in blood cultures

A

acridine organe

63
Q

fluorochrome that binds to chitin in fungal cell walls; fluoresces as bright apple-green or blue-white; “blueing”

A

calcofluor white

64
Q

used to stain C.diphtheriae for observation of metachromatic granules

A

methylene blue

65
Q

used to stain the cell wall of medically important fungi grown in slide culture

A

lactophenol cotton blue

66
Q

negative stain to visualize capsules surrounding certain yeasts, such as cryptococcus spp.

67
Q

able to grow simply, using carbon dioxide as the sole source of carbon, with only water and inorganic salts

A

autotrophs (lithotrophs)

68
Q

these bacteria require an organic source of carbon, such as glucose, and obtain energy by oxidizing or fermenting organic substances

A

heterotrophs

69
Q

fastidious, requiring additional metabolites such as vitamins, purines, pyrimidines, and hemoglobin supplied in the growth medium

A

haemophilus influenzae and the anaerobes

70
Q

media that are made of extracts of meat or soybeans (nutrient broth, trypticase soy broth)

A

nutrient media

71
Q

growth medium that contains added growth factors, such as blood, vitamins, and yeast extract

A

enriched (blood agar, chocolate agar)

72
Q

media containing additives that inhibit the growth of some bacteria but allow others to grow

A

selective media (MacConkey agar for gram-neg; colistin-nalidixic acid for gram-pos)

73
Q

ingredients in media that allow visualization of metabolic differences between groups or species of bacteria

A

differential media

74
Q

this is used when a delay between collection of the specimen and culturing

A

transport medium

75
Q

three environmental factors influence the growth rate of bacteria

A

pH
temperature
gaseous composition of the atmosphere

76
Q

bacteria that grow best at cold tempt

A

psychrophiles (10 to 20 degrees C)

77
Q

gacteria that grow optimally at moderate temp

A

mesophiles (20 to 40 degrees c)

78
Q

bacteria that grow at high tempt

A

thermophiles (50 to 60 degrees C)

79
Q

bacteria that require oxygen for growth

A

obligate aerobes

80
Q

previously referred to as facultative aerobes; can survive in the presence of oxygen but do not use oxygen in metabolism (e.g. clostridium spp.)

A

aerotolerant anaerobes

81
Q

cannot grow in the presence of oxygen

A

obligate anaerobes

82
Q

can grow either with or without oxygen

A

facultative anaerobes

83
Q

organisms grow best when the atmosphere is enriched with extra carbon dioxide (5% to 10%)

A

capnophilic

84
Q

bacteria require a reduced level of oxygen to grow (campylobacter spp. 5% to6%)

A

microaerophilic

85
Q

time required for one cell to divide into two cells

A

generation time or doubling time

86
Q

generation time for fast-growing bacterium such as E.coli

A

20 minutes

87
Q

for slow-growing like mycobacterium tuberculosis

88
Q

phases of growth: during which bacteria are preparing to divide

89
Q

phases of growth: during which bacteria numbers increase logarithmically

90
Q

phases of growth: in which nutrients are becoming limited and number of bacteria remain constant

A

stationary phase

91
Q

phases of growth: when number of nonviable bacterial cells exceeds the number of viable cells

A

death phase

92
Q

an anaerobic process carried out by both obligate and facultative anaerobes

A

fermentation

93
Q

two important diagnostic tests used in identification of the enterobacteriaceae

A

voges-proskauer and methyl red

94
Q

major end product is ethanol; this pathway used by yeasts when they ferment glucose

A

alcoholic fermentation

95
Q

end product is almost exclusively lactic acid; all members of strep genus and many members of the lactobacillus genus ferment pyruvate using this pathway

A

homolactic fermentation

96
Q

some lactobacilli use this mixed fermnetation pathway; in addition to lactic acid,, the end productss include carbon dioxide, alcohols, formic acid, and cetic acid

A

heterolactic fermentation

97
Q

major end product of fermentations carried out by propionibacterium acnes and some anaerobic non-spore-forming, gram-pos bacilli

A

propionic acid fermentation

98
Q

members of the genera escherichia, salmonella, and shigella within the enterobacteriaceae use this pathway for sugar fermentation and produce a number of acids as end products- lactic, acetic, succinic and formic

A

mixed acid fermentation

99
Q

members of genera klebsiella, enterobacter, and serratia within the enterobactericeae use this; end products are acetoin and 2,3-butanediol

A

butanediol fermentation

100
Q

major pathway in conversion of glucose to pyruvate; anaerobic; used by many bacteria including all members of enterobacteriaceae

A

EMP glycolytic pathway

101
Q

alternative to EMP; used by heterolactic fermenting bacteria, such as lactobacilli and brucella abortus

A

pentose phosphate pathway

102
Q

coverts glucose-6-phosphate to pyruvate

A

entner-doudoroff pathway

103
Q

double helical chain of nucleotides’ “spiral staircase”/”zipper with teeth”

104
Q

genes that are always expressed are…

A

constitutive

105
Q

genes that are expressed only under certain conditions are…

106
Q

duplication of chromosomal DNA for insertion intoa daughter cell

A

replication

107
Q

synthesis of ssRNA

A

transcription

108
Q

actual synthesis of specific protein from the mRNA code

A

translation

109
Q

group of three nucleotides in an mRNA

110
Q

is the triplet of bases on the tRNA that bind the triplet of bases on the mRNA

111
Q

contains all the information needed for cell growth and replication

A

bacterial chromosome/ genome

112
Q

horizontal transfer of genetic material by cell-to-cell contact

A

conjugation

113
Q

certain pieces of DNA are mobile and may jump from one place in the chromosome to another place

A

jumping genes

114
Q

method by which genes are transferred or exchanged between homologous regions on two DNA molecules

A

genetic recombination

115
Q

three basic ways a genetic material can be transferred from one bacterium to another

A

transformation
transduction
conjugation

116
Q

uptake and incorporation of naked DNA into a bacterial cell

A

transformation

117
Q

cells that can take up naked dna are referred to

118
Q

bacterial species that are being competent

A

strep. pneumonia
neisseria gonorhoeae
h. influenzae

119
Q

transfer of bacterial genes by a bacteriophage from one cell to another

A

transduction

120
Q

transfer of genetic material from a donor bacterial strain to a recipient strain

A

conjugation

121
Q

donor strains produce a hollow surface called

A

sex pillus

BACTE part1 (4 decks)

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