Bacteria & Types of antibiotic Flashcards

1
Q

List the main classes of antibiotics?

And give examples of each.

A

B-lactams

  • penicillins
  • cephalosporins
  • carbapenems

Aminoglycosides
- gentamicin

Glycopeptides
- vancomycin

Quinolones
- ciprofloxacin

Tetracyclines

  • doxycycline
  • oxytetracycline

Macrolides

  • erythromycin
  • clarithromycin

Metronidazole

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2
Q

B-lactams

Key feature?

Mode of action?

Examples?

Which bugs do they kill?

A

All contain a beta-lactam ring

Inhibit bacterial wall biosynthesis

Penicillins: amoxicillin, flucloxacillin, BenPen
They kill:
- gram +ve
- staph and strep
- clostridium
- listeria

Cephalosporins: cefotaxime, cefuroxime
They kill:
- gram +ve and -ve
- N. meningitidis

Carbapenems: meropenem
They kill: 
- broad spectrum
- resistant bacteria
- gram -ve more than +ve
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3
Q

Aminoglycosides

Mode of action?

Examples?

Which bugs do they kill?

A

Inhibit synthesis of proteins by bacteria leading to cell death

Gentamicin
Streptomycin

They kill:
- gram -ve

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4
Q

Glycopeptides

Mode of action?

Examples?

Which bugs do they kill?

A

Inhibit bacterial cell wall biosynthesis

Often a last resort

Vancomycin
Teicoplanin

They kill:

  • gram +ve
  • MRSA
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5
Q

Quinolones

Mode of action?

Examples?

Which bugs do they kill?

A

Interfere with bacteria DNA replication and transcription

Ciprofloxacin
Levofloxacin

They kill:

  • gram +ve and -ve
  • bone infections
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6
Q

Tetracyclines

Mode of action?

Examples?

Which bugs do they kill?

A

Inhibit synthesis of proteins by bacteria preventing growth

Tetracycline
Oxytetracycline
Doxycycline
Limecycline

They kill

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7
Q

Macrolides

Mode of action?

Examples?

Which bugs do they kill?

A

Inhibit protein synthesis by bacteria, leading to cell death

Erythromycin
Azithromycin
Clarithromycin

They kill:

  • gram +ve (Strep and staph)
  • gram -ve (H. influenzae, B. pertussis)
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8
Q

Metronidazole

Mode of action?

Which bugs does it kill?

A

Inhibits nucleic acid synthesis by disrupting DNA

It kills:

  • bacterial vaginosis
  • trichomonas
  • H. pylori
  • amoebiasis
  • little effect on gram +ve
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9
Q

What class of antibiotics are these from?

  1. Vancomycin
  2. Gentamicin
  3. Doxycycline
  4. Ciprofloxacin
  5. Flucloxacillin
  6. Azithromycin
  7. BenPen
  8. Cefotaxime
  9. Erythromycin
  10. Meropenem
  11. Clarithromycin
A
  1. Glycopeptides
  2. Aminoglycosides
  3. Tetracyclines
  4. Quinolones
  5. Penicillin
  6. Macrolide
  7. B-lactam, penicillin
  8. B-lactam, cephalosporin
  9. Macrolide
  10. Beta-lactam, carbapenem
  11. Macrolide
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10
Q

Gram +ve bacteria.

List some bacilli.

  • aerobic
  • anaerobic

List some cocci.
- what patterns are they seen in?

A

Bacilli

  • aerobic: bacilli, listeria, mycobacterium
  • anaerobic: clostridium

Cocci

  • Staph: clusters
  • Strep: chains
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11
Q

Streptococci can be subdivided into categories.

What are they?
Name some for each?

A
  1. Beta - Haemolytic:
    - Group B (S. agalactiae)
    - Group A (S. pyogenes)
  2. Alpha - Partially haemolytic
    - Optochin sensitive: S. pneumoniae
    - Not optochin sensitive: Viridans strep
  3. Gamma - Non-haemolytic
  • Enterococci: E. faecalis
  • Nonenterococcus: S. bovis
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12
Q

Staphylococci can be subdivided into categories.

What are they?
Name some for each?

A

Coagulase +ve: s. aureus

Coagulase -ve: s. epidermidis

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13
Q

Draw out the family tree of the gram positive bacteria.

Give examples

A

https://step1.medbullets.com/microbiology/104192/gram-positive-bacteria

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14
Q

Gram negative bacteria.

List some:

  • diplococci
  • coccobacilli
  • bacilli
  • comma shaped
A

Diplococci:

  • N. meningitidis
  • N. gonorrhoea
  • Moraxella

Coccobacilli:

  • H. influenzae
  • B. pertussis
  • Brucella

Bacilli:

  • Pseudomonas
  • Shigella
  • Salmonella
  • E. coli
  • Klebsiella
  • Enterobacter

Comma shaped:

  • Campylobacter jejuni
  • V. cholerae
  • H. pylori
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15
Q

Gram negative bacilli can be split into categories.

What are they?
Give examples.

A

Lactose fermenting

  • slow: Serratia, Citrobacter
  • fast: E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter

Non-lactose fermenting

  • oxidiase positive: pseudomonas
  • oxidase negative: shigella, salmonella, yersinia, proteus
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16
Q

Draw out the family tree of the gram negative bacteria.

Give examples

A

http://step1.medbullets.com/microbiology/104193/gram-negative-bacteria