Bacteria, Immunisation and Monoclonal antibodies

Question 1

(2) Use the graph to calculate the change in the total number of cases of meningitis in 1999 compared with 2004.

Answer 1

(1600 + 1000) – (1400 + 200)/2600 – 1600/(1600 – 1400) + (1000 – 200)/200 + 800 (1)
= 1000

Question 2

(2) Describe the effects the immunisation had on the number of cases of both types of meningitis.

Answer 2

• no (overall) / little effect on cases of meningitis B (1)
• (significant overall) decrease in meningitis C (1)
• correct manipulation of data (1)

Question 3

(1) The molecules on pathogens which cause an immune response are called

Answer 3

antigens

Question 4

(2) Injecting antigens into the mouse produces an… response resulting in the production of antibodies and…

Answer 4

immune

memory lymphocytes.

Question 5

(1) The cells produced when B lymphocytes and myeloma cells combine are

Answer 5

Hybridomas

Question 6

(2) Compare the antibody response after the first injection with the antibody response after the second injection.

Answer 6

• delay in production of antibodies (1)
• less antibodies produced (1)
• production of antibodies slower (1)

Question 7

(1) Suggest how this secondary response to antigens benefits the mouse.

Answer 7

faster recovery / {no/less} symptoms of infection / increased chance of survival / kills pathogen faster(1)

Question 8

(1) Injecting patients with antigens forms the basis of vaccination was first developed by

Answer 8

Edward Jenner

Question 9

(1) Describe the trend shown in the graph from April to December.

Answer 9

an increase in cases until
October and then a decrease (in
the number of cases) (1)

Question 10

In September 2011 there were 168 cases of whooping cough in the UK.
(2) Calculate the difference in the number of cases of whooping cough in
September 2011 and September 2012

Answer 10

1320 (1)

1320 – 168 = 1152

Question 11

(1) State the term used to describe the rapid growth of a bacterial population.

Answer 11

exponential (growth)

Question 12

(2) Suggest why outbreaks of whooping cough still occur in the UK.

Answer 12

not everyone has been
immunised (1)
immigration introduces people
who are not immunised (1)
immunisation not fully effective
(1)
immunity can decrease with age
(1

Question 13

(3) Describe the response of the human body to immunisation.

Answer 13

(immunisation) introduces an
antigen/(immunisation) causes
an immune response (1)
(B) lymphocytes (1)
production of antibodies (1)
(the production of) memory
lymphocytes (1)

Question 14

(3) Describe the steps in producing monoclonal antibodies.

Answer 14

• inject mammal / named mammal with antigen (1)
• (select) B lymphocytes / lymphocyte that produces the (specific) antibody / spleen cells(1)
• fuse with tumour / myeloma cells (1)
• (to produce a) hybridoma (which divide)(1)
• antibodies are isolated / screened(1)

Question 15

(2) Explain the advantage of using monoclonal antibodies to treat cancer.

Answer 15

• antibody (only) attach to cancer cell (1)
• drug / radioactive source / toxin bound to antibody / alerts immune system to target cancer cells (1)
• no / fewer adverse effect to non cancerous cells (1)

Question 16

(2) Describe two ways in which monoclonal antibodies are used in medical diagnosis.

Answer 16

• pregnancy testing (1)
• locating the position of blood clots (1)
• locating the position of cancers (1)

Question 17

(3) Explain how monoclonal antibodies are used to test for pregnancy.

Answer 17

urine sample (1)
coloured bead attached to a
(mobile monoclonal) antibody (1)
antibody {specific
to/detects/binds to}
{ hormone/hCG} (1)
immobile antibody at test strip
(1)
colour accumulates in positive
test window (1)

Question 18

(2) Explain the benefits of using monoclonal antibodies to treat cancer.

Answer 18

chemotherapy/radiotherapy drug
attached to the monoclonal
antibody (1)
less use of the drug (1)
only binds to cancer cells/doesn’t
target normal cells (1)
reduces side effects/named side
effects (1)

Question 19

(1) Name the type of cell that produces the monoclonal antibodies used to treat cancer.

Answer 19

hybridoma (cell)