Bacteria categories Flashcards by Arielle F

Gram + cocci

Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Enterococcus

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Gram - cocci

Moraxella catarrhalis

Neisseria

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Gram + rod (bacillus)

Lactobacillus
Bacillus
Listeria
Clostridium
Mycobacterium (acid fast)
Corynebacterium
Gardnerella (gram variables)
Cutibacterium (formerly Propionibacterium)

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Gram - rod (enterics)

Bacteroides
Campylobacter
E coli
Enterobacter
Fusobacterium
Helicobacter
Klebsiella
Proteus
Pseudomonas
Salmonella
Serratia
Shigella
Vibrio
Yersinia

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Gram - rods (respiratory)

Acinetobacter baumannii
Bordetella
Burkholderia cepacia
Haemophilus (pleiomorphic)
Legionella (silver stain)

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Gram - rods (zoonotic)

Bartonella
Brucella
Francisella
Pasteurella

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Branching filamentous, gram positive

Actinomyces

Nocardia (weakly acid fast)

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Pleomorphic (no cell wall)

**ALL GRAM NEG/DO NOT STAIN**
Anaplasma
Ehrlichia
Chlamydiae (Giemsa)
Rickettsiae (Giemsa)
Mycoplasma (contains sterols, which do not Gram stain)
Ureaplasma

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Spiral

Spirochetes!
Borrelia (Giemsa)
Leptospira
Treponema

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Which bugs stain with Giemsa?

Rickettsia
Chlamydia
Trypanosomes
Plasmodium
Borrelia

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Which bug stains with PAS?

Whipple (Tropheryma whipplei)

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Which bug stains with Ziehl-Neelsen stain?

Acid-fast bacteria (Mycobacteria, Nocardia), protozoa (Cryptospiridium oocysts)

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Which bug stains with India ink?

Cryptococcus neoformans

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Which bugs stain with silver stain?

Fungi (eg Coccidioides, Pneumocystis jirovecii)
Legionella
H pylori

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What grows on chocolate agar?

H flu

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What grows on Thayer-Martin agar?

N gonorrhea, N meningitidis

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What grows on Bordet-Gengou agar?

B pertussis

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What grows on Tellurite agar?

C Ddiptheriae

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What grows on Lowenstein-Jensen agar?

M tuberculosis

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What grows on Eaton agar?

M pneumoniae

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What grows on MacConkey agar?

Lactose-fermenting enterics (fermentation produces acid, causing colonies to turn pink)

What grows on eosin-methylene blue (EMB) agar?

E coli (colonies with green metallic shine)

What are the most common anaerobes?

Clostridium
Bacteroides
Fusobacterium
Actinomyces israelii

Which bugs are obligate intracellular?

Rickettsia
Chlamydia
Coxiella
(Rely on host ATP)

Which bugs are facultative intracellular?

``` Salmonella Neisseria Brucella Mycobacterium Listeria Francisella Legionella Yersinia pestis ```

Which bugs are encapsulated?

``` Pseudomonas Strep pneumo H flu Neisseria meningitidis E coli Salmonella Klebsiella Group B strep ```

Which are the urease positive organisms?

``` Proteus Cryptococcus H pylori Ureaplasma Nocardia Klebsiella S epidermidis S saprophyticus ```

What does it mean to be catalase psotivie?

Catalase degrades H2O2 into H2O and bubbles of O2 before it can be converted to microbicidal products by the enzyme myeloperoxidase People with chronic granulomatous disease have recurrent infections with certain catalase positive organisms

What is Protein A and who expresses it?

Protein A binds Fc region of IgG, preventing opsonization and phagocytosis Expressed by S aureus

What is IgA protease and who expresses it?

Enzyme that cleaves IgA, allowing bacteria to adhere to and colonize mucous membranes Secreted by S pneumo, H flu, and Neisseria

What is M protein and who expresses it?

Helps prevent phagocytosis. Expressed by group A strep. Shares similar epitopes to human cellular proteins (molecular mimicry); possibly underlies the autoimmune response seen in acute rheumatic fever

Which bacteria form spores?

``` Bacillus anthracis Bacillus cereus Clostridium botulinum Clostridium difficile Clostridium perfringens Clostridium tetani ```

Inactive elongation factor (EF-2)

``` C diphtheriae (Diphtheria toxin) Pseudomonas (Exotoxin A) ```

Inactivate 60s ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA

Shigella (Shiga toxin) | Enterohemorrhagic E coli (Shiga-like toxin)

What is the difference between Shiga toxin and Shiga-like toxin?

Shigella causes GI mucosal damage leading to dysentery; ST also enhances cytokine release, causing HUS In contrast, SLT enhances cytokine release but does not invade the host cells

Overactivates adenylate cyclase (increasing cAMP), causing increased Cl- secretion in gut and H2O efflux

Enterotoxigenic E coli (heat-labile toxin)

Overactivates guanylate cyclase (increasing cGMP), causing decreased NaCl and H2O resorption in gut

Enterotoxigenic E coli (heat-stable toxin)

Mimics adenylate cyclase (increasing cAMP)

Bacillus anthracis (edema toxin)

Overactivates adenylate cyclase (increasing cAMP) by permanently activating Gs leading to increased Cl- secretion in gut and H2O efflux

Vibrio cholerae (Cholera toxin)

Overactivates adenylate cyclase (increasing cAMP) by disabling Gi, impairing phagocytosis to permit survival of microbe

Bordetella pertussis (Pertussis toxin)

Proteases that cleave SNARE, a set of proteins required for neurotransmitter release via vesicular fusion

``` Clostridium tetani (Tetanospasmin): toxin prevents release of inhibitory (GABA and glycine) neurotransmitters from Renshaw cells in spinal cord, leading to spastic paralysis, risus sardonicus, trismus (lockjaw) Clostridium botulinum (Botulinum toxin): toxin prevents release of stimulatory (ACh) signals at neuromuscular junction, leading to flaccid paralysis ```

Phospholipase that degrades tissue and cell membranes

Clostridium perfringens (Alpha toxin)

Protein that degrades cell membrane

Streptococcus pyogenes (Streptolysin O)

Cross-links beta region of TCR to MHC Class II on APCs outside of the antigen binding site, leading to oerwhelming rlease of IL-1, IL-2, IFN,gamma, and TNF-a, leading to shock

``` Streptococcus pyogenes (Erythrogenic exotoxin A) Toxic shock-like syndrome: fever, rash, shock; sclarlet fever ```

Which bug is coag+ and novobiocin sensitive?

Staph epi

Which bug is coag+ and resistant to novobiocin?

Staph saprophyticus

Which bug has alpha hemolysis?

Alpha = green, partial hemolysis | Strep pneumo and Strep viridans

Which bug is optochin sensitive? Optochin resistant?

Optochin sensitive: S pneumo | Optochin resistant: Strep viridans

Which bug has beta hemolysis?

Beta hemolysis = complete hemolysis, clear Strep pyogenes Strep agalactiae

Which bug is bacitracin sensitive? Bacitracin resistant?

Bacitracin sensitive: S pyogenes | Bacitracin resistant: Group B strep agalactiae

Which bug has gamma hemolysis?

Gamma hemolysis = no hemolysis S bovis Enterococcus (E faecium, E faecalis)

What does actinomyces cause?

Causal oral/facial abscesses that drain through the sinus tracts; often associated with dental caries/extraction and other maxillofacial trauma forms yellow "sulfur granules" can also cause PIDs with IUDs