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Concepts of Biology > Bacteria & Archaea > Flashcards

Bacteria & Archaea Flashcards

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1
Q

Prokaryotes are divided into two domains, these are?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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2
Q

If a cell is a cocci, it is which shape?

A

Sphere

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3
Q

If a cell is a bacilli, it is which shape?

A

Rod

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4
Q

What are the three main prokaryotic cell shape names?

A

Bacilli, Cocci and Spiral

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5
Q

Prokaryotes are mostly unicellular organisms, true or false?

A

True

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6
Q

Prokaryotic cells are larger than that of eukaryotic cells, true or false?

A

False

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7
Q

What are the functions of the cell wall?

A
  1. Maintain shape
  2. Protect cells
  3. Prevent bursting in hypotonic environments
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8
Q

Peptidoglycan can be found in which domains cell walls?

A

Bacteria

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9
Q

What is peptidoglycan?

A

Network of sugar molecules (N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid) crosslinked by polypeptides

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10
Q

What is an Archaea’s cell walls composed of?

A

Polysaccharides and proteins

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11
Q

Gram Positive bacteria have?

A

Simpler walls with large amounts of peptidoglycan

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12
Q

Gram Negative bacteria have?

A

Less peptidoglycan and a toxic outermembrane

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13
Q

What is a capsule?

A

A polysaccharide or protein layer that covers and protects many prokaryotes

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14
Q

What are fimbrae used for?

A

To stick to substrate or other individuals in a colony

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15
Q

What is a pili also known as?

A

Sex pili

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16
Q

What is the (sex) pili used for?

A

To exchange DNA

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17
Q

Chemotaxis is in response to what stimulus?

A

Chemical

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18
Q

What is taxis?

A

Ability to move to a stimulant and away from a repellent, run and tumble

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19
Q

Prokaryotic cells lack complex compartmentalization, true or false?

A

True

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20
Q

Do prokaryotes have a nucleus?

A

No

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21
Q

Do prokaryotes have membrane-bound organelles?

A

No

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22
Q

Genetic diversity in prokaryotes is attributed to which three methods?

A
  1. Rapid Reproduction
  2. Mutations
  3. Genetic Recombination
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23
Q

What kind of reproduction methods do prokaryotes use?

A

Asexual

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24
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A change in nucleotide sequence of an organisms genome.

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25
Q

The bacterial genome is described as…

A

A single, double-stranded, circular DNA molecule

26
Q

What happens if a mutation affects a cells living functions?

A

It will not survive

27
Q

Phototrophs gain energy from…

A

Light

28
Q

Chemotrophs gain energy from…

A

Chemicals

29
Q

Autotrophs use what as a carbon source?

A

Carbon Dioxide

30
Q

Heterotrophs use organic nutrients to make?

A

Organic Compounds

31
Q

If a prokaryote requires oxygen for cellular respiration it is?

A

An obligate aerobe

32
Q

If a prokaryote is poisoned by oxygen it is?

A

An obligate anaerobe

33
Q

If a prokaryote can survive with or without oxygen it is?

A

A facultative anaerobes

34
Q

Nitrogen fixation converts atmospheric nitrogen into what compound?

A

Ammonia

35
Q

In cyanobacterium, what are the nitrogen-fixing cells called?

A

Heterocysts

36
Q

In cyanobacterium, what are the cells called that perform photosynthesis and produce oxygen?

A

Vegetative cells

37
Q

Oxygen inhibits the enzyme that fixes nitrogen in cyanobacterium, therefore a cell cannot be both oxygen and nitrogen fixing, true or false?

A

True

38
Q

Prokaryotes that live in extreme environments are called?

A

Extremophiles

39
Q

Extreme halophiles live in which kind of conditions?

A

Extreme salinity

40
Q

Extreme thermophiles live in which kind of conditions?

A

Extreme heat

41
Q

Methanogens are found in which environments?

A

Swamps and marshes

42
Q

Methanogens produce which product as waste?

A

Methane

43
Q

If flagella are polar, they are?

A

Located within one location

44
Q

If flagella are peritrichous, they are?

A

Located all over the bacteria

45
Q

Gram positive bacteria appears which colour after a gram stain?

A

Purple

46
Q

Gram negative bacteria appears which colour after a gram stain?

A

Pink or red

47
Q

In a gram stain test, crystal violet gets trapped in peptidoglycan causing the purple colouration in gram positive bacteria, true or false?

A

True

48
Q

Prokaryotes only live in extreme environments, true or false?

A

False

49
Q

What is the role of a capsule?

A
  1. Enables prokaryotes to adhere to substrates or other individuals in a colony
  2. Protects against dehydration
  3. Defends from immune system attacks
50
Q

What is the flagella?

A

Tail-like structure used as a mechanism for propulsion

51
Q

What is transformation?

A

Genetic alteration of a cell as a result of incorporating foreign DNA (exogenous) material from its surroundings

52
Q

What is transduction?

A

Genetic recombination where genes from the host bacterium are incorporated into the genome of a bacteriophage and carried to a new host cell

53
Q

What is conjugation?

A

Where a donor bacterium transfers genetic material (via pilus) to recipient bacterium in a one way exchange

54
Q

How are prokaryotes important for the biosphere?

A
  1. Recycling of chemical elements

2. Symbiotic relationships

55
Q

What is an endotoxin?

A

Toxin released when bacteria die and their cell walls breakdown

56
Q

What is an exotoxin?

A

Toxin secreted by bacteria, diffuse into surrounding medium

57
Q

What is the difference between food poisoning and food infection?

A

Food poisoning- results from the action of microbial toxin

Food infection- results from the growth of microorganisms in the body

58
Q

What contributes to genetic variation in prokaryotes?

A
  1. Genetic recombination
  2. Mutations
  3. Rapid reproduction
59
Q

A lipid bilayer could be used to describe which part of the cell?

A

Plasma membrane

60
Q

What is the function of an endospore?

A

Ensure the survival of bacterium through environmental stress

Concepts of Biology (6 decks)

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