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Micro Lec 1 > Bacteria and viruses > Flashcards

Bacteria and viruses Flashcards

1
Q

How to NAME microbes?

A

Genus & species

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2
Q

Yes or No - do bacteria have a nucleus?

A

No. Bacteria has no defined nucleus

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3
Q

Give 8 criteria on how we can classify bacteria?

A

– Physiology (temp, pH, oxygen requirements)
– How they utilise various substrates for energy – Pathogenicity
– Their habitat
– The most fundamental criteria are:
– Cell wall composition (staining characteristics) – Shape (morphology)
– All determined by the Gram stain

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4
Q

What colour is the bacteria if it stains Gram positive?

A

Blue

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5
Q

What colour is the bacteria if it stains Gram negative?

A

Pink / Red

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6
Q

What is the basis of differences in gram staining?

A

Cell wall composition - peptidoglycan

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7
Q

Where does an antibiotic (medicine) target a bacteria?

A

Cell wall - peptidoglycan

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8
Q

What determines a bacteria’s infection characteristics?

A

Cell wall - lipopolysaccharide

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9
Q

If a bacteria stains gram positive, what can you say about it’s peptidoglycan layer?

A

THICK peptidoglycan layer

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10
Q

What is the shape of a gram positive cocci?

A

Round - cocci

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11
Q

What is the shape of a gram negative bacillus?

A

Rod shaped

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12
Q

What is the shape of a gram positive bacilli

A

Rod shaped

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13
Q

What is the shape of a spirochete?

A

Spiral shaped

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14
Q

Bacterial structure - what is responsible for motility?

A

Flagella

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the bacterial capsule?

A

Antiphagocytic - Protection

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16
Q

What are the 2 functions of the bacterial fimbriae / pili?

A

Adherence and genetic transfer

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17
Q

What is the purpose of the endospore of the bacteria?

A

Environmental resistance

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18
Q

Bacteria that causes Syphilis?

A

Treponema pallidum

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19
Q

Name the three stages and physical manifestations of syphilis:

A
  1. Primary - chancre
  2. Secondary - rash
  3. Tertiary - gumma
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20
Q

What is the shape of Treponema pallidum?

A

Spirochete

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21
Q

What is the bacteria that is the most common cause of urinary tract infection (UTI)?

A

Escherichia coli

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22
Q

What is the gram stain and shape of Escherichia coli?

A

Gram negative rod (bacilli)

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23
Q

What bacteria causes Melioidosis?

A

Burkholderia pseudomallei

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24
Q

What is the gram stain and shape of Burkholderia pseudomallei?

A

Gram negative bacilli (rod)

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25
Q

What bacteria causes boils, wound infection, and carbuncles?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

26
Q

What bacteria causes impetigo?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

27
Q

What is the gram stain and shape of the bacteria that causes wound infection and boils?

A

Gram positive cocci in CLUSTERS - Staphylococcus aureus

28
Q

What bacteria causes scarlet fever?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

29
Q

What is the gram stain and shape of the bacteria that causes rheumatic fever and heart disease?

A

Gram positive cocci in CHAINS - Streptococcus pyogenes

30
Q

What causes erisypelas — a conmon skin infection?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

31
Q

What causes gas gangrene - a severe wound infection?

A

Clostridium perfringens

32
Q

What is the gram stain and shape of clostridium perfringens?

A

Gram positive rods (bacilli)

33
Q

What bacteria is implicated as the most common cause of preventable blindness?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

34
Q

What is the EYE disease caused by Chlamydia trachomatis?

A

Trachoma

35
Q

What is the bacteria that causes Tuberculosis?

A

Mycobacteria Tuberculosis

36
Q

True or False - Mycobacteria tuberculosis has a waxy cell wall hence we cannot use gram stain for this

A

True - we use ACID FAST STAIN for M. tb

37
Q

True or False - Mycobacterium tuberculosis only affects the lungs causing pulmonary TB only

A

False - M. tb can affect any organ in the body

38
Q

How does the bacteria reproduce?

A

Binary fission

39
Q

Name the 3 structures of a VIRUS

A

Core - DNA or RNA
Capsid
Envelop

40
Q

Name 3 shapes of the capsid

A

Icosahedral
Helical
Complex

41
Q

Give methods of viral replication:

A

Lytic
Lysogenic
RNA viruses
Reverse transcription

42
Q

Name 5 stages of lytic replication of viruses

A 
Attachment
Penetration
Biosynthesis
Maturation
Lysis
43
Q

At what lytic stage of viral replication do the phage DNA replicates and phage proteins are made?

A

Biosynthesis stage

44
Q

At what viral stage of Lytic replication do the phage DNA enters the host cell?

A

Penetration stage

45
Q

What type of viral replication involves the phage DNA becomes incorporated in the genome and then leading to the cell dividing and the prophage DNA is passed on to tbe daughter cells?

A

Lysogenic replication

46
Q

What type of viral replication involves the cell engulfing the virus by endocytosis?

A

RNA viral replication by influenza and coronaviruses

47
Q

What virus usually uses reverse transcription as a form of viral replication?

A

HIV - human immunodeficiency virus

48
Q

What is the genetic material, shape classification of Influenza virus?

A

genetic material- RNA
Shape: helical
Envelop- present

49
Q

What helical RNA virus typically causes ACUTE lytic infection and infects and lyses the lining of the respiratory tract and causes fever and general body pain?

A

Influenza virus

50
Q

Classification and shape of rubella virus

A

Icosahedral, RNA, enveloped

51
Q

What virus can cross the placenta and cause a severe infection in the baby?

A

Rubella - congenital rubella syndrome

52
Q

Classification of varicella zoster virus

A

Icosahedral, DNA, enveloped

53
Q

What virus causes chickenpox?

A

Varicella Zoster Virus

54
Q

What virus can reoccur as Shingles in adulthood and cause rash and nerve pain?

A

Varicella Zoster Virus

55
Q

What virus typically causes infection of the liver?

A

Hepatitis B virus

56
Q

Classification shape of hepatitis b virus

A

Icosahedral, DNA, enveloped

57
Q

What virus typically causes warts

A

Human papilloma virus

58
Q

How does the human papilloma virus replicate by causing warts?

A

Lysogenic

59
Q

What cancer is related to human papilloma virus?

A

Cervical cancer

60
Q

Classification of human papilloma virus?

A

Icosahedral, DNA, non-enveloped

61
Q

What is the classification of SARS-CoV 2?

A

RNA, spherical, enveloped

62
Q

Disease caused by SARS-CoV 2?

A

Severe acute respiratory syndrome in Covid 19

Micro Lec 1 (4 decks)

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