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Block 4 > Bacteria > Flashcards

Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Dermatophylus spp. general?

A

faccultative anaerobe, filamentous cocci, gram +, horses, cattle, goat, and sheep

-congolensi

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2
Q

Dermatophylus species

A

Horses, goat, cattle -> rain rot
Sheep -> strawberry rot and lumpy wool skin
(no lameness)

Keratinized epidermis w/ neutrophilic exudates

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3
Q

Dermatophylus pathogenesis

A

wet skin or wounds entry; not endogenous

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4
Q

Dermatophylus clinical signs

A

horse, cattle, sheep -> paint brush sessions, exudate in the skin portion of the hair
Sheep -> lameness and paint brush sessions in hair

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5
Q

Dermatophylus tx, dx, and control

A

Dx -> scrapings from lesions

Tx -> physical remove lesions, ab variety is good; no resistance, remove water exposure

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6
Q

Cornybacterium general and species

A

mycelia acid, diphtheric, facultative anaerobe
-C. cytiditis, C. renale, C. pilosum, C.
Natural inhabitants of the urogenital tract

pseudotuberculosis
Natural inhabitant -> endo.

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7
Q

Cornybacterium spp. species

A

Cattle, Horses, sheep, and goat = Ungulates

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8
Q

Cornybacterium pathogenesis

A

C. cytiditis,
C. renale (pisilrock disease) -> usually on males ,
C. pilosum -> UTI
Urease seen -> increase pH & high protein diet

C. pseudotuberculosis -> granuloma and edema

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9
Q

Cornybacterium Cx

A

UTI
Frequent urination
Hemouria
goat and sheep -> necrotizing prepuce and adjacent tissue

Granuloma and edema
Lymphadenitis: 
External lymph nodes -> goats 
Internal lymph nodes -> sheep
Edema: 
Pigeon fever -> Chest abscess
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10
Q

Cornybacterium Tx, Dx, and control

A

UTI
-High urine pH, Penicillin ab

Granuloma and absces

  • drain and administer antibiotics -> surgical intervention
  • Clean stuff for sheering
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11
Q

Clostridium spp. general?

A

Gram + bacteria, spore-forming, bacillus, obligate anaerobe, natural inhabitant of soils and some digestive tract

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12
Q

Clostridium species bacteria

A 
Dermatitis 
C. perfringes 
C. septicum 
C. sordelli 
C. chauvoei

Gastroententeritis
Clostridiodes difficile
C. perfringes
C. pilliformi -> intracellular

Neuroinflammation
C. tetani
C. botulinum

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13
Q

Clostridium pathogenesis (all available pathogenesis!)

A

C. chauvoei

  • anoxic conditions
  • membrane damaging toxins -> micro necrosis
  • increase capillary permeability -> necrosis and vasculitis

C. perfringes
-Intestines: enterotoxemia, toxins; acute disease and X
-Muscle and tissue: also associated with malignant edema; tissue damage due to enterotoxin. -> X
(for your info: possible involvement in HGE in dogs)

C. botulinum

  • ingested spore germinates
  • toxin synthesis and sporulation within the intestines
  • carried to presynaptic neuromuscular junction -> block SNARE
  • flaccid paralysis -> X

C. tetani

  • spores germinate in intestines
  • creation of toxins
  • transport of toxins within the body -> neuronal cleft uptake
  • blockage of inhibitory neurons and spastic paralysis ensues.

C. difficile

  • spores germinate in intestines after some event
  • produce enterotoxins -> cytotoxic to epithelial cells & macrophages
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14
Q

Clostridium clinical signs

A

Neuronal

  • spastic paralysis -> C. tetani
  • Shaker foal syndrome + wound botulinum -> flaccid paralysis -> C. botulinum

GI

  • Hemorrhagic necrotizing enterocolitis & chronic diarrhea -> C. difficile
  • Acute and highly fatal disease -> C. perfringes
  • Tyzzer’s disease -> hepatic neurosis, stews induce -> C. pilliformi

Derm

  • Necrotizing cellulitis, hemorrhage edema; painfully warm then cold -> C. perfringes, C. septicum, C. sordellii
  • Blackleg -> edematous, hemorrhagic, necrotic lesions -> C. chauvoei
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15
Q

Clostridium dx

A

Derm
-clinical signs & necropsy results, fluorescent antisera can be used.

GI
ID toxins by ELISA or PCR, gross findings on necropsy (C. perfringes), C. pillifromi see intracellular, PCR done

Neuron
-wound samples w/ Gram+ bacteria with spores

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16
Q

Clostridium endogenous infectious and toxin vs. infection

A

Endogenous:
C. chauvoei
C. difficile
C. pilliformi

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17
Q

Clostridium species animals

A

C. chauvenoi -> cattle
C. perfringes, C. speticum, C. sordelli -> cattle and sheep
C. tetani -> horses, pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, dogs (in order of importance)
C. botulinum -> birds, cattle, sheep, goats, and horses
C. perfringes -> cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, and dogs
C. difficile -> horses, pigs, and dogs
C. pilliformi -> rodents and lagomorphs (primarily) foals, dogs, and cats (rarely)

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18
Q

Clostridium tx

A

C. difficile -> ab; give antitoxin
C. tetani -> ab available w/ muscle relaxant
C. botulinum -> detect toxin in plasma or feed; detect bacteria in the GI tract
C. botulinum -> purgative remove toxin in GI, antitoxin and ab; decried wound if needed
C. chauvenoi, C. septicum, C. perfringes, C. sordellii -> difficult, irrigate wound and give ab

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19
Q

Clostridium control

A

C. difficile and pilliformi -> avoid stress!
C. perfringes -> reduce chances by high fiber-low protein diet
C. tetani -> disenfect instuments before using; give tetanoid vaccine
C. botulinum -> vaccines given
C. chauvenoi, C. septicum, C. perfringes, C. sordellii -> vaccines available.

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20
Q

Erisilopelothrix spp. general

A

Gram+, facultative anerobic bacteria, slender bacillus

-rhusiopathiae
Natural inhabitant of the GI tract, lymphoid tissue

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21
Q

Erisilopelothirx spp. species

A
  • pigs -> diamond skin disease, acute, and chronic
  • turkeys -> acute w/ vegetative endocarditis
  • sheep -> chronic one more often
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22
Q

Erisilopelothrix spp. clinical signs and pathogenesis

A

Erysipelas:
-diamond skin disease -> reddish diamond blotches, scabs, sloughing

Actue:
-fever, anorexia, blotches, scabs, sloughing

Chronic:
-arthritis, vegetative endocarditis

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23
Q

Erisilopelothrix spp. Dx, Tx, and control

A

Dx: source bacteria from blood or skin
Tx: resistant to various ab! -> penicillin effective
Control: vaccines available (attenuated strain in pigs; bacteria in turkeys)

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24
Q

Staphylococcus spp. general

A

Gram+, cocci, facultative anaerobe, natural inhabitant of the skin, pyo reaction often seen, resistants often seen.

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25
Q

Staphylococcus spp. species

A

Dogs -> pseudointermedius
Pigs -> hyucus
Cattle -> aureus (contagious mastitis)

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26
Q

Staphylococcus spp. pathogenesis

A

Hyucus:

  • colonized piglets after birth
  • Toxin produced -> porcein desmoglein 1 -> forms vesicles
  • blister formation -> change in fluid
  • External skin sloughs off -> further fluid loss

Pseudointermidius:

  • Has Type I pilli for adhesion
  • P/pap pilli possible… unsure?
  • Urease enzyme -> increase pH within the bladder; urolith formation and complement inactivation

Aureus:
Chronic
-fibrosis of mammary glands -> decrease production
Acute
-mammary glands swollen, firm, red, and painful
-flakes and clots in milk
Gangrenous
-vasoconstriction of the vessels; ischemia; death
-necrosis ensues -> blood tinged serum seen

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27
Q

Staphylococcus tx, dx, and control

A 
Pseudointermedius: 
Dx:
-skin scrapping 
-impression smears 
-culture for evidence of mix infection 
Tx: 
-ab resistant common! 
-Ab and Ab shampoo 
Hyucus: 
Dx:
-Clinical history; culture necessarily
Tx: 
-Need to culture; ab resistance 
-autogenous bacteria available

Aureus: (MRSA)
Dx:
catalase positive; can also be term coagulase +/-
coagulase + -> most often
coagulase - -> rare; opportunistic pathogen
Tx:
-Resistant is variable! -> sensitivity needed
-Dry cow therapy works
-bacterin available.
-HARD to eliminate -> persistent

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28
Q

Mycobacteria spp. general

A

pseudoGram+, mycelia acid, cocci, aerobic

M tuberculosis + M. bovis -> transiten by inhalation go bacteria

M. avium spp. -> ingestion

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29
Q

Mycobacteria spp. species

A

Cattle, sheep and goat (potentially any mammal):
M. bovis
M. tuberculosis
(most common in group housed animals)

M. avium spp. paratuberculosis
M. avium spp. avium

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30
Q

Mycobacteria spp. pathogenesis

A

M. avium spp. paratuberculosis:

  • ingestion of bacteria
  • Cross M cells and take up macrophages
  • Multiply inside macrophages
  • Cell wall component survive endolysosome and form graulomatous lesions -> monocyte surround bacteria
  • thickening of intestinal wall -> malabsorptive diarrhea
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31
Q

Mycobacteria spp. clinical signs

A

Tuberculosis -> M. bovis, M. tuberculosis
erratic appetite, irregular low grade fever, progressive emaciation

Johne’s disease -> M. avium spp. paratuberculosis
Cattle: severe diarrhea, normal appetite, protein loosing nephropathy, drop in milk production.
Sheep and goats: little to no disease

M. avium spp. avium
Chickens: chronic granulomatous disease -> progressive emaciation; depression
(usually only seen in older flocks and laying hens, not in meat)

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32
Q

Mycobacteria spp. tx, control, and dx

A

M. tuberculosis and M. bovis
Dx:
-tracheobronchial and gastric lavage; lymph node aspirate, biopsy, slaughter surveillance
-tuberculin skin test

Tx:
-transmitted by deer -> keep them out.

M. avium spp. paratuberculosis
Dx:
-lymph node smear, intestinal or rectal scrapping
-fecal sample -> culture or PCR (unreliable)
-ELISA
-Johnin test -> intravenous inoculation and look for fever
Tx:
-Clarithromycin works -> not feasible $
-Cull animals
-Segregate infected animals
-Feed good quality colostrum; non-infected cow
-Vaccines sketchy -> may not work

M. avium spp. avium
Dx: 
-Clinical signs, gross lesions 
Tx:
-Resistant to common anti-tuberculin drugs
-Cull affected birds
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33
Q

Streptoccocus spp. general

A

Gram+, coccus, facultative anaerobe, pyogenic common

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34
Q

Streptoccocus spp. species

A

Pigs: S. suis (natural inhabitant)
Horses: S. equi spp. equi; S. equi spp. zooepidemicus
Dog: S. equi spp. zooepidemicus, S. canis
Cattle: S. uberis, dysgalactea, agalactea

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35
Q

Streptoccocus spp. clinical signs

A 
Cattle: Mastitis 
Enviromental -> found within area
-S. uberis -> subclinical
acute form: fever, malaise, inappetence  
swollen mammary gland; edematous, firm
clots and flakes
-S. dysgalactea ->clots and flakes 
-swollen mammary gland w/ clots and flakes

Contagious:
-S. agalactea -> subclinical w/ periodic acute inflammation

Neuronal: 
S. suis 
-septicemia, arthritis, pneumonia, meningitis 
-associated with stress
-paddling disease

Respiratory:
S. equi spp. equi (strangles) + zooepidemicus
-abscess within adjacent lymph nodes in upper respiratory
-severe pharingitis and laryngitis -> swallowing difficult
-fever waxes and wanes
zooepidemicus to a lesser degree
-more pathogenic in dogs and cats -> hemorrhagic pneumonia

S. canis
-mild disease

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36
Q

Streptoccocus spp. Dx, Tx, and control

A 
Mastitis: 
-transmitted through contact
Dx
-Isolate from milk; catalase negative. 
Control: 
-Good hygienic practice; ab treatment effective, non-specific
Neuronal: 
-transmission by inhalation, direct contact, fomites
Dx: 
-cerebrospinal fluid, meningeal swabs 
Tx: 
-strep species resistant to penicillin. 
Control: 
-mass medication of animals during outbreaks
-reduce stress 
-vaccine available

Respiratory:
-not a normal commensal
Dx:
-isolate from nasal discharge, lymph node or trans wash
-catalase negative
-PCR
Tx: no resistance in ab for these species

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37
Q

Bacillus spp

A

anthracis; found within the environment, acquired by ingestion

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38
Q

Bacillus spp. general

A

Gram +, aerobic, spore-forming bacillus

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39
Q

Bacillus spp. species

A

Horses, cattle, sheep, goats, and swine -> all LA species

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40
Q

Bacillus spp. clinical signs

A

Cattle:
rapid death, usually aassociated with edema and high fevers, chills, agalactia, abortion…
Horses -> less severe; colic + diarrhea
Swine -> regional lymphadenitis only

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41
Q

Bacillus spp. Dx, Tx, and control

A

Dx:

  • Blood samples
  • Clinical signs

Tx:
-ab; not resistant

Control:

  • viking funeral
  • sporadic germination of spores
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42
Q

Nocardia spp. species and bacteria

A

-Dog: asteroides and nova

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43
Q

Nocardia spp. general

A

Gram+, aerobe, filamentous bacilli, mycelia acid present

  • natural inhabitant of environments
  • inhalation, ingestion or trauma
  • suppurative bacteria
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44
Q

Nocardia spp. clinical signs

A
  • suppurative to granulomatous inflammation,
  • necrotizing pneumonia wi/ pyothorax
  • pyogranuloma with draining tract
  • local pyogranuloma seen in skin -> draining tract
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45
Q

Nocardium spp. dx, tx, control

A

Dx:

  • exudate analysis for Gram+ bacteria
  • differentiation from fungal organisms important

Tx:
-ab treatment; no resistant

-Disease of immunosupresed individuals!

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46
Q

Rhodococcus spp. bacteria and species

A
  • Horses; equi

- Occasional disease in pigs.

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47
Q

Rhodoccocus spp. general

A
  • Gram+, variably acid fast, aerobic coccus or bacillus
  • clinical: bacillus
  • cultured: coccus
  • normal inhabitant of soil and manure
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48
Q

Rhodococcus spp. clinical signs

A
  • pyogranulomatous bronchopneumonia -> foals
  • large accesses in the lungs + bronchial lymph nodes
  • fever, increased respiratory rate, cough and bilateral nasal discharge.
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49
Q

Rhodococcus spp. Dx, Tx, and control

A

Dx:

  • transtracheal + exudate sample aspirate;
  • Clinical signs; demonstrate gram + bacilli/cocci
  • catalase +

Tx:

  • high sensitivity to ab treatment
  • resistant to b-lactams
  • resistance rising

Control:

  • avoidance of contaminated areas
  • dust control
  • passive immunity -> colostrum
  • no vaccines
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50
Q

Trupurella spp. species and bacteria

A
  • pyogenese
  • cattle, sheep, goats, pigs
  • cattle caused mastitis -> summer mastitis
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51
Q

Trupurella spp. general

A
  • Gram+, bacillus or diphterod, facultative anaerobe
  • inhabitant of skin, resp tract, urogenital tract
  • spread by flies
  • purulent
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52
Q

Turpurella spp. clinical signs

A

Mastitis:

  • mammary gland firm
  • abcess develop -> drain through skin.

Respiratory:

  • supurative pneumonia
  • 2nd to 2nd infection
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53
Q

Trupurella spp. Cx, Tx, and control

A 
Mastitis: 
Dx: 
-clin signs: infection during the dry period 
-pus from abscess milk 
Tx: 
-drain abscess; destroy quarter 
Control: 
-control bugs

Respiratory:

  • control with ab -> penicillin
  • normal control of respiratory disease.
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54
Q

Listeria spp. species and bacteria

A
  • monocytogenes; small ruminants and cattle

- ivanovii; cattle, sheep, and goats

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55
Q

Listeria spp. general

A

Neuro:

  • circling disease
  • Silage disease

General:

  • widespread in nature
  • Gram+, bacillus, facultative anaerobe
  • cause uptake and rocket propulsion
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56
Q

Listeria spp. clinical signs

A

Neuro:
-Ataxia, circling to one side, head tilt, unilateral facial paralysis, dropped ear, head pressing

Repro:
-abortions

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57
Q

Listeria spp. dx, tx, and control

A

Neuro:
-brain tissue -> cold enrichment; low number of bacteria

tx & control:
-ab sensitive; eliminate poor quality silage; low pH silage?

Repro:
Dx:
-placental tissues isolation; no enrichment needed
-abomasum content or uterine discharges also

Tx & control:

  • sensitive to wide variety of ab
  • eliminate poor quality silage
  • improve hygiene -> prevent transmission.
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58
Q

Enterococcus spp. species and bacteria

A
  • dog: (general class); rarely seen in cats
  • Gram-
  • Klebsiella
  • Proteus mirabilis
  • Escherichia coli -> most common UTI infection w/in small animals
59
Q

Enterococcus spp. clinical signs

A

-urinary:
URGENCY!
ascending infections to kidneys.
cystitis often seen -> painful urination, increase frequency, urine often cloudy,

-pyonephritis often seen.

60
Q

Enterococcus spp. dx, tx, control

A

Dx:

  • quantitative bacteria analysis of urine
  • examination of inflammatory cells + gram stain bacteria
  • often not seen;

Tx:

  • subceptibility testing important for ab treatment -> resistance seen
  • variety of ab effective though
  • longer course of tx for pyelonephritis
61
Q

Staphylococcus spp. clinical signs

A

Pseudointermedius:
Skin:
-papular lessions, pustules, folliculitis

Hyucus

  • greasy pig disease
  • thin brown scales develop then become dark and greasy

Aureus:
3 forms:
chronic:
-palpable fibrosis, decrease production

acute:
- mammary gland swollen, firm, red, warm, painful
- flakes and clots

gangrenous:
- vasoconstriction, ischemia, tissue death

62
Q

Fusobacterium spp. general and species

A
  • Gram- bacilli or filamentous; obligate anaerobes
  • necrophorum
  • Horses and cattle -> foot
  • Cattle -> mouth
  • Swine-> bullnose in swine
  • natural inhabitant of the mucous membrane
  • exposure through constant
63
Q

Fusobacterium spp. clinical sign

A

Foot rot:

  • foot rot, fissures in interdigital space
  • necrosis observed
  • lameness in one feet
  • interdigital dermatitis

Calf diphtheria:

  • oral laryngeal necrobacillosis
  • foul-smelling necrotic swelling in cheek, fever, depression, anorexia
  • laryngeal -> same clinical signs; more painful

Bullnose-> necrotic rhinitis

  • injury to face or oral cavities
  • necrotic cellulitis
  • depression of food
64
Q

Fusobacterium Dx, Tx, and control

A 
Foot rot: 
Dx: 
-PCR
-Bacterial isolation from discharge 
Tx: 
-ab tx 
Control
-trim hooves
Calf Diphtheria: 
Dx: 
-necrotic material from lesions 
-cultured under anerobic conditions
Tx: 
ab effettive
Control: 
-improve hygiene.
65
Q

Dichelobacter spp. general and species

A
  • Gram- anerobic
  • nodosum; sheep and goat
  • part of the complex of foot rot; starts with fusobacterium necrophorum
66
Q

Dichelobacter spp. clinical signs

A
  • interdigital swelling, invasion of epidermal structures
  • seperation from underlaying cornet structure
  • lameness, foul-smelling lesions
67
Q

Dichelobacter dx, control, tx

A 
Dx: 
-clinical presentation and gram - rods present in exudate 
Tx: 
-debreif of tissue and exposure to air
-topical ab 
Control: 
-bacterin available; not widely use
-more clean practices
68
Q

Streptobacillus spp. general and species

A
  • Gram-, facultative anaerobe, pleimorphic bacteria
  • natural inhabitant of respiratory tract of rats
  • rats and humans
  • rat bite fever
69
Q

Streptobacillus spp. control only

A

avoid rats; transmitted by bitting rats

70
Q

Bartonella spp. general and species

A
  • Cat scratch fever
  • Gram-, obligate aerobe
  • hensella (rarely, clarridgeiae)
  • need contact with flea dirt
71
Q

Bartonella spp. clinical signs

A
  • asympotmatic in cats
  • cat scratch fever in humans; lymphadenitis
  • meningo-encephalitis
72
Q

Leptospira servars spp. general and species

A
  • Gram- spirochete, obligate aerobes
  • dog, cattle, pig, horse
  • motile bacteria
  • periplasmic flagella -> LPS b/w their membranes
  • inhabitant in kidneys of reservoir host
73
Q

Leptospira servars spp. clinical signs

A

-spread within the host
-multiple disease:
kidney, liver, spleen -> most common
-CNS, eyes, genital tract -> dependent on servars and animals
-renal and hepatic disease, acute hemorrhagic disease, abortion, periodic ophthalmia

74
Q

Leptospira serovars spp. dx, tx, and control

A

-spread by being

Dx:

  • serology to detect antibody for leptospira
  • urine for isolation -> other fluids can work
  • PCR to confirm Lepto
  • Grow on semisolid medium

Tx:
-ab treatment

Control:

  • vaccines available
  • rodent control
  • avoidance of contaminated things with urine
75
Q

Taylorella spp. general and species

A
  • Gram-, facultative anaerobe, coccobacillus

- contagious equine metritis

76
Q

Taylorella spp. clinical signs

A

-mare: actue endometritis

77
Q

Taylorella spp. dx, control, tx

A

Dx:

  • fastidious organism, hard to grow
  • chocolate agar

Tx:

  • ab used in carrier species and infected
  • tx until double negative

Control:
-dont breed mares to an infected stallion (asymptomatic)

78
Q

Campylobacter spp. general and species

A
  • Gram-, curved bacillus, microaerophillic
  • reproductive and GI
  • C. fetus spp. fetus, C. fetus spp. veneralis, C. jejuni
  • C. fetus spp. veneralis found in the prepuce of males and vagina of females -> cattle
  • C. fetus spp. fetus found in the gastrointestinal tract of sheep and goats
  • C. jejuni and C. coli -> dog
79
Q

Campylobacter spp. clinical signs

A 
Reproductive: 
C. fetus spp. venerealis 
-veneral transmission 
-endometritis, sometimes salpingitis 
-failure to implant -> abortion 
C. fetus spp. fetus, C. jejuni -> sheep and goats 
-placentitis, abortion

Dog
C. jejuni, C. coli
-gastroenteritis -> mildly loose feces w/ watery diarrhea
-+/- diarrhea w/ mucous and blood

80
Q

Campylobacter spp. dx, tx, and control

A

Reproductive:
Dx:
-sample from prepuce or vagina in cattle
-live aborted fetus sample also useful
-pathogneumonic lessions in the liver of aborted fetus for aim circles
Tx:
-ab work to halt abortion storms
Control:
-seperate animals
-vaccination of bulls possible (bacterins; before breeding)
-C. jejuni -> resistant to tetracycline

GI: 
Dx
-fecal samples 
-incubated at certain marks
Tx: 
-self-limiting disease 
-fluid and electrolyte replacement 
Control: 
...
81
Q

Chlamydia spp. general and species

A
  • Gam-, obligate intracellular bacteria, obligate aerobe
  • Complex life cycle -> elemental and reticulate body
  • Natural inhabitant of mucous membranes of respiratory tract, genital and GI tract

Repro:
(ovine enzootic abortion)
-C. abortus -> goats, cattle, and pigs

Respiratory:

  • C. felis -> cats
  • C. pecorum -> small ruminants
  • C. psittaci -> psittacosis, ornithosis
82
Q

Chlamydia spp. clinical signs

A

Repro:

  • transmitted by ingestion
  • placentitis, abortions -> only in late term transmission

Keratitis:

  • Conjunctivitis in cats -> discharge, blepharospasm
  • Conjunctivitis in small ruminant, keratitis less common in small ruminant
Respiratory: 
Avain chlamydiosis 
Older psittacine birds: 
-stress associated 
-refusal to feed, mucopurlent nasal discharge
Non-psittacine birds
-inappetance, weight loss, reduction in egg production
Parrot fever -> pneumonia
83
Q

Chlamydia spp. dx, tx, and control

A 
Repro: 
Dx
-seen by staining cells 
-clinical signs 
Tx
-treated w/ ab 
Control: 
-bacterins given to ewe prior to breeding
-does not reduce infection 
Resp & Kera: 
Dx: 
-see bacteria
-grown in tissue culture 
Tx:
-ab (tetracycline) 
Control: 
-regulate bird import
84
Q

Brucella spp. general and species

A

-Gram-, aerobic coccobacillus, facultative intracellular bacteria in macrophages
-Veneral transmission, ingestion, penetration of skin, inhalation
Most important:
-B. abortus -> cattle
-B. melitensis -> sheep and goat

-Replicate in regional ln -> systemic spread in repro organs, mammary and lymph nodes

Less:

  • B. ovis -> sheep
  • B. suis -> pigs
  • B. canis -> dog
85
Q

Brucella spp. clinical signs

A

B. abortus:

  • abortions in females, epididymitis & orchitis in males
  • necrotizing cotyledons + exudate seen

B. melitensis:
-placentitis, necrotizing cotyledons

B. suis:
-orchitis most prominent

B. ovis:

  • mild disease
  • lameness and bones

B. canis
-other tissues; lameness and ovitis

86
Q

Brucella spp. dx, tx, and control

A

Dx:
-isolation from milk, placenta, uterine discharge, aborted fetal tissue
Tx:
-prolonged ab tx for dogs
-no tx for LA species
-tx failure common
Control:
-vaccine -> unable to differentiate between infected and vaccinated
-NOT seen in the USA -> test and slaughter

87
Q

Pasturellacea spp. family

A

-Gram-, facultative anaerobic pathogens (-actinobacillus aerobic pathogen).
-Found in the respiratory tract of the animal
(NOT avibacterium)
-usually endogenous infection
(NOT avibacterium -> found in sick animals)

-transfered by inhalation

88
Q

Pasturellacea spp. species and bacteria

A
  • Avibacterium paragallinarum (bacillus) -> chickens (infectious coryza)
  • Histophilus somni (bacillus) -> cattle, sheep,
  • Actinobacillus pleuropneumonae (coccobacillus)-> swine (swine pleuropneumonia)
  • Pasturella multocida (coccobacillus; bipolar staining) -> dog & cat (bite), cattle, sheep, swine, birds
  • Beiberstenia trehalosi (coccobacillus; bipolar staining)-> usually sheep
  • Actinobacillus equuli (coccobacillus) -> horses, pigs
  • Mannheimia hemolytica (coccobacillus; bipolar staining) -> cattle, sheep
89
Q

Pasturellacea spp. clinical signs (Avibacterium, Pasturella, Mannheimia, Histophilus)

A

Avibacterium paragallinarum

  • acute respiratory disease in chicken
  • nasal discharge, facial swelling, tearing, anorexia, diarrhea, decreased food and water consumption
Pasturella multocida: 
Progressive atrophic rhinitis 
-sneezing, epistaxis, tear duct obstruction 
-destruction of nasal turbinates
Fowl cholera
Acute 
-fever, anorexia, nasal discharge + ocular
Chronic: 
-widespread lesions 
-pneumonia
Snuffles 
-mucopurelent rhinosinusitis 
-purelent discharge 
-conjunctivitis, sneezing, coughing 
-possible pneumonia
Bite Wounds 
-abscess formation

Mannheimia hemolytica & Biberstenia trehalosi
Cattle -> shipping fever
-respiratory sign, nasal discharge, crusty nose
-respiratory distress
-abnormal lung sounds
-bronchopneumonia, fibrous pleuritis
Sheep and goats -> secondary pneumonia (enzootic pneumonia)
-similar to shipping fever
(Biberstenia mostly causes 2nd pneumonia; not primary; seen in bighorn sheep, occasionally cattle and sheep)

90
Q

Pasturellacea spp. dx, tx, and control

A 
Avibacterium paragallinarum 
Dx: 
-sinus, nasal and tracheal swabs
-growth on blood agar w/ Staph species 
-PCR test
Tx:
-ab tx
Control: 
-vaccines -> minimizes clinical symptoms

Pasteurella multocida
Dx:
pigs -> nasal swabs
rabbits -> nasal swabs, conjunctival exudates
animals w/ pneumonia -> bronchial lavage, transtracheal aspirates
Tx and Control:
-Ab tx
-vaccines available -> reduce prevalence

Mannheimia hemolytica & Biberstenia trehalosi 
Dx: 
-transtracheal aspirate 
-bronchial lavage 
Tx: 
-antimicrobial resistance widespread
Control: 
-vaccines available 
-reduce stress
91
Q

Pasturellea spp. clinical signs (Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia + equuli, Histophilus somni)

A 
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
acute disease: 
-severe fibrinous pleuropneumonia 
-acute respiratory distress
chronic: 
-intermittent coughing, subotpimal weight gain, reduced appetite

Histophilus somni
-bronchopneumonia, induced by stress
Systemic disease: (more fatal and acute in younger cattle)
-myocarditis, thrombotic meningoencephalitis, pneumonia
Less common:
-arthritis, otitis, spontaneous abortion

Actinobacillus equuli
-sleepy foal disease, navel ill, joint ill
Peracute:
-sleepy, diarrhea, prostration
-rapid death
-Arthritis, endocarditis, nephritis, septicemia in older horses
-Swine: arthritis, endocarditis, nephritis, septicemia, mastitis

92
Q

Pasturellea spp. dx, tx, and control (Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia + equuli, Histophilus somni)

A 
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
Dx: 
-pneumonic lung samples 
-serology 
Tx: 
-ab tx
Control: 
-vaccines, bacterin subunit 
-herd isolation 
Actinobacillus equuli 
Dx:
-tissue, exudates, blood samples
Tx & control: 
-ab tx
-disenfection of umbilicus 
-infected mares tx or removed 
Histophilus somni: 
Systemic: 
Dx
-based on necropsy -> seen lesions 
Tx: 
-IV ab 
Control: 
-vaccines
93
Q

Moraxella spp. species and bacteria

A
  • M. bovis -> cattle

- M. ovis -> sheep and goats

94
Q

Morexella spp. general

A
  • Gram-, aerobic coccobacillus
  • natural inhabitant of conjunctiva
  • transmitted by flies
95
Q

Moraxella spp. clinical signs

A

Pinkeye

  • infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis
  • lateral corneal involvement, ulceration
  • conjunctivitis -> watery discharge; blepharospasm
96
Q

Moraxella spp. Dx, Tx, and control

A 
Dx: 
-conjunctival swab 
Tx: 
ophthalmic ointment w/ ab 
Control: 
vaccines + fly control
97
Q

Bordetella spp. general

A

Gram-, obligate aerobic, coccobacillus

-natural inhabitant of respiratory mucosa

98
Q

Bordetella spp. species and bacteria

A
  • B. bronchiseptica -> dog and pig

- B. avium -> turkeys

99
Q

Bordetella spp. clinical signs

A 
B. bronchioseptica 
Dog: 
-kennel cough 
-2nd infectious to adenovirus or parainfluenza 
-spasmic episodes, retching, hacking 
Pigs: 
-mucopurelent discharge 
-damage to nasal turbinates
OTHER host may not have signs....

B. avium

  • Turkey coryza (close contact spread)
  • feathers and wings crusted w. nasal discharge
  • later -> tracheal rales, dyspnea, altered vocalization, decrease feeding + activity
100
Q

Bordetella spp. Dx, Tx, and control

A 
Dx: 
nasal swabs or tracheal washes/swabs -> isolate pathogen 
Tx: 
-ab tx; poor action 
Control: 
-vaccines live attenuated given -> dog
-pig vaccines consist of toxins as well 
-turkey coryza -> live attenuated bacteria or bacterins
101
Q

Escheria coli spp. species and types

A
  • Gram-, facultative anaerobe, bacillus
  • natural inhabitant of intestines -> widely distributed in environment
  • Acquired by inhalation
  • birds (normal E. coli)
  • ETEC -> young animals: pigs, calves, lambs
  • Shigga-Toxin-> pigs; any age
  • EHEC -> cattle; any age
102
Q

Escheria coli clinical signs

A

Air Saculitis, colibacillosis, colisepticemia
-respiratory distress

Enterotoxic E. coli

  • secretory diarrhea -> toxin base
  • dehydration, fluid imbalance, watery diarrhea

Shigga-Toxin
Acute disease:
-pigs -> STEC edema disease; found death or CNS sign, subcutaneous edema, diarrhea rare

Enterohemorrhagic
Acute disease:
-cattle -> hemorrhagic disease, hemolytic uremic syndrome

103
Q

Escheria coli Dx, Tx, and control

A

Dx:
-Blood or tissue samples
NEED ELISA and PCR to confirm specific species
ETEC and Shigga-toxin

Tx: 
-ab RESISTANCE common 
ETEC -> fluid and electrolytes 
ab therapy 
STEC & EHEM
-ab sensitivity

Control:

  • enviromental contamination prevent
  • vaccines

ETEC & STEC & EHEM:

  • careful hygiene procedures
  • Anti-F5 antiserum given to newborns
104
Q

Yersenia spp. species and bacteria

A

Gram-, facultative anaerobe, bacillus
Affects humans -> can cause disease in animals (not specified)
-Cats -> susceptible to disease
-inhabitant of tolerant host to the pestis

Yersenia pestis -> lymphadenitis
-transmited by fleas

105
Q

Yersenia spp. clinical signs, dx

A

(general) enteritis, mesenteric lymphadenitis

Plague:
Bubonic plague
-regional lymphadenitis -> burst
-fever, dehydration

Septicemic plague
-fever, shock, DIC

Pneumonic plague 
-fever, coughing, sneezing
Plague: 
Dx
-aspirate from lymph node 
Tx
-ab tx
Control: 
-flea control
106
Q

Klebsiella spp. general and species

A

Gram-, facultative anaerobe, bacillus

  • natural inhabitant of intestines; seen in enviroment
  • can also contribute to UTI’s
  • Horses
  • dog and cat
107
Q

Klebsiella spp. tx, clinical sign, control

A 
-pneumonia; often hemorrhagic 
Tx: 
-ab resistance common 
Control: 
-appropriate biosecurity
108
Q

Coxiella spp. species and bacteria

A
  • Gram-, obligate intracellular coccobacillus, microaerophilic
  • Q fever -> humans
  • sheep, goats, cattle
  • shed in placenta and body fluids + amniotic fluid + feces
109
Q

Coxiella spp. clinical signs, dx, tx, control,

A

-often asymptomatic
possible late term abortions; reduce milk yield, or stillbirths
(not given)

110
Q

Burkholderia spp. general and species

A
  • Gram- bacillus, aerobic
  • B. mallei -> Glanders -> equids
  • B. pseudomallei -> Melioidosis -> horses, goats, pigs, rodents, sheep
111
Q

Burkholderia spp. clinical signs

A

Mallei
-acute disease:
fever, nasal discharge, lymphadenitis
-chronic:
Pulmonary -> epistaxis, labored breathing
Nasal -> nodular lesions on turbinates, enlarged lymph nodes
Skin -> subcutaneous nodules, enlarged lymph nodes

Pseudomallei

  • Horses: similar to glanders
  • Goats, pigs, -> chronic disease (pulmonary, nasal, and skin)
  • Rodents and sheep -> CNS and high mortality
112
Q

Burkholderia spp. dx, tx, and control

A 
Dx: 
exudate from lesions 
Tx: 
ab effective against both species 
Control: 
mallei test -> remove animals
113
Q

Haemophilus parasuis spp. general and bacteria

A

Gram- bacillus, facultative anaerobe
-natural inhabitant of the nasopharynx of swine
NOT COMMON

114
Q

Haemophilus parasuis clinical signs

A

Glasser’s disease
-polyarthritis, meningitis, polyserositis

In endemic herds:
-sporadic disease
Acute:
-fever, malaise, respiratory distress, abdominal pian, lameness, paralytic signs
Chronic:
-poor performers, cough dyspnea, weight loss, lameness

In high stress herds:
-fibrinopurelent exudate along peritoneum, pericardium, pleura, joints, meninges

115
Q

Haemophilus parasuis dx, tx, and control

A 
Dx:
-herd history, clinical sign, necropsy
Tx and control:
-ab effective 
-reduce bacteria but not eliminate 
-vaccines available
116
Q

Salmonella spp species and bacteria

A
  • Gram-, bacillus, facultative anaerobe
  • natural inhabitant of the intestines, widely distributed
  • fecal-oral transmission
  • seen in young -> cattle, swine
  • horses w/ predisposing factor
  • chicken and turkeys seen outside of USA
117
Q

Salmonella spp. clinical signs

A

Newborns:
-septicemia, high fever, rapid death

Young animals:
-acute ententiritis, fever, fluid diarrhea w/ mucous +/- bloody

118
Q

Salmonella spp. dx, tx, and control

A 
Dx
-stool culture 
-serotyping agglutination 
Tx,
-antimicrobials recommended -> early for septicemia 
Control: 
-vaccines available
119
Q

Lawsonia intracellularis spp. general

A
  • Gram-, obligatory intracellular, bacillus, microaerophilic
  • orofecal transmission
  • Young pigs and horses
120
Q

Lawsonia intracellularis spp. clinical signs

A

Proliferative ententiritis, ileitis, equine proliferative enteropathy
-graden hose gut

Chronic disease:

  • seen in young animals
  • anorexia, dullness, apathy, loose stool, progressive weight loss

Acute in pigs:

  • hemorrhagic diarrhea
  • rapid death -> black tarry feces
121
Q

Lawsonia intracellularis dx, tx, and control

A 
Dx
-immunofluorescence of tissue for pathogen or PCR 
-cannot culture laswonia 
Tx
-sensitive to ab 
Control
-vaccination available
122
Q

Brachyspira spp. general and species/bacteria

A

Gram-, spirochete (flagella inside), oxygen tolerant anaerobes

  • inhabitant of GI tract
  • fecal oral transmission
  • B. hyodysenteriae -> pigs
  • B. pilosicoli -> dog, birds, and pigs
123
Q

Brachyspira spp. clinical signs

A

B. hyodysenteriae

  • swine dysentery
  • mucohemorrhagic diarrhea

B. pilosicoli
-mild diarrhea, dehydration

124
Q

Brachyspira spp. dx, tx, and control

A

Dx
-stool specimen, rectal swab, mucosal scrapings
Tx
-sensitive to ab

125
Q

Rickettsia spp. general, species and bacteria

A

Gram-, obligate intracellular, obligate aerobic, coccobacillus

  • inside endothelial cells
  • natural inhabitant of rodents
  • transmited by ticks
  • R. rickettsii -> dogs
126
Q

Rickettsia spp. clinical signs

A

Rocky Mountain Spited Fever

  • high fever, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, hemorrhagic mucous membranes, lymph node tenderness, joints and muscle
  • Petechial hemorrhages +/- echymotic hemorrhages -> mucous membranes
  • CNS signs
127
Q

Rickettsia spp. tx, dx, and control

A 
Dx
-sereological test 
Tx
-ab tx 
Control 
-reduce tick exposure
128
Q

Francisella spp. general, species, and bacteria

A
  • Gram-, bacillus, aerobic
  • natural inhabitant of rabbits and hares
  • arthropod transmited, ingestion, direct contact
  • tularensis spp. tularensis -> cats
129
Q

Francisella spp. clinical signs

A

Tularemia

-fever, regional lymphadenopathy

130
Q

Francisella spp. tx, dx, and control

A 
Dx: 
-Serological test 
-Lymph node aspirate 
-Growth on blood agar
Tx: 
-Ab tx
131
Q

Treponema spp. general and species

A
  • Molicutes, stain Gram-, spirochete, obligate anaerobes
  • transmision by contact
  • digital dermatitis -> hooves animals
132
Q

Treponema spp. clinical signs + everything

A
  • Hairy foot, hairy heel wart
  • ulcerative or proliferative lessions along coronary band -> mostly seen in hind limbs
  • can resemble hair
  • SELF-Diagnostic
133
Q

Mycoplasma spp. general

A
  • pleimorphic bacteria, stain Gram-, lack outer membrane and cell wall
  • normal inhabitant of nasal, conjunctival, oral, intestinal, and genital mucosa
  • aquired by inhalation or direct contact
  • chronic infection common
  • persistent activation of inflammatory system
134
Q

Mycoplasma spp. bacteria and species

A

Cattle:

  • M. bovis -> contagious mastitis
  • M. bovoculli -> conjuntivitis
  • M. mycoides spp. mycoides -> contagious bovine pleuropneumonia

Avian

  • M. gallisepticum -> primary chronic disease of respiratory and air sacs
  • M. melagridis -> air sac disease [turkeys]
  • M. iowae -> air sac disease [turkeys]

Small ruminant
-M. conjunctivae -> conjunctivitis

Ovien
-M. ovipneumoniae -> leads to 2nd pneumonia

Caprine

  • M. mycoides spp. capri -> pleuropneumonia, cough, respiratory distress
  • M. mycoides spp. capripneumoniae -> contagious caprine pleuropneumonia

Swine

  • M. hyopneumoniae -> enzootic pneumonia
  • M. suis -> infectious anemia of pigs

Felines

  • M. felis -> conjunctivitis, pneumonie
  • M. gateae -> conjunctivitis, pneumonie
  • M. haemofelis -> anemia in cats (host derive)

Rodents
-M. pulmonis -> low grade respiratory disease

135
Q

Mycoplasma spp. clinical signs

A

Cattle

  • M. bovis -> mammary gland swollen, warm, doughy to firm; arthritis
  • M. bovoculi -> conjunctivitis
  • M. mycoides spp. mycoides -> respiratory distress, nasal discharge, sever depression
  • M. wenyonii -> host-deprived anemia

Avian

  • M. gallisepticum -> primary chronic disease of respiratory and air sacs
  • M. melagridis -> air sac disease [turkeys]
  • M. iowae -> air sac disease [turkeys]
  • M. synoviae -> synovitis, lameness, retarded growth, dehydration

Caprine
-M. mycoides spp. capri -> pleuropneumonia, cough, respiratory distress
-M. mycoides spp. capripneumoniae -> contagious caprine pleuropneumonia
-M. putregaciens -> arthritis
M. agalactiae -> arthritis

Ovien

  • M. ovipneumoniae -> leads to 2nd pneumonia
  • M. ovis -> host derived anemia

M. hyopneumoniae -> enzootic pneumonia

Felines
M. haemofelis -> weakness, pallor, fever, icterus
-host deprive anemia

Suis:

  • M. suis -> anorexia, fever, weakness, icterus
  • M. hyorhinis -> polyserositis, arthritis, inapettance
  • M. hyosynovia -> arthritis, lameness

Dog
-M. spumans -> arthritis

136
Q

Mycoplasma spp. tx, dx, and control

A

-ab limited use

Cattle
-M. bovis -> cull animals; good hygiene

Others:
Dx:
-swabs and collect pathogen
-see fried egg colony
-enzootic pneumonia of swine -> PCR
Tx
-sensitive to ab; ineffective in vivo
Control:
-Vaccines available for some classes -> birds and cattle
-M. gallisepticum, M. hyopneumoniae, M. bovis
-Prevent disease by reducing stress and contact with sis animals

-Mycoplasma species in blood can be treated with tetracycline
-prevention involves controlling of the transmitted arthropods
M. haemofelis -> ticks
M. suis -> hog louse
M. wenyonii and M. ovis -> by ticks or blood borne arthropods

137
Q

Anaplasmatacea family general

A
  • pseudoGram- bacteria, two membranes; lack LPS
  • Obligate aerobes; obligate intracellular bacteria
  • transmited by vectors (insects)
  • multiply inside macrophages and granulocytes
138
Q

Anaplasmatacea family species and bactera

A 
-Anaplasma spp. 
A. marginalis -> ruminants 
A. centralis -> ruminants 
A. platys -> dogs 
A. phagocytophilum -> dog, horse

-Neorickettsia spp.
N. risticii -> horses
N. helmolithica -> dogs and cats

-Ehrlichia spp.
E. ewingii -> dogs
E. chaffensi -> dogs
E. canis -> dogs

139
Q

Anaplasmatacea family clinical signs

A

-Neorickettsia spp.
potomac fever in horses
-fever, listlessness, anorexia, leukopenia, diarrhea
-salmon poisoning disease, fever, swollen, anorexia, depression, persistent diarrhea

-Ehrlichia spp.
E. chaffensi & ewingii -> mild disease (canine granulocyte ehrlichiosis)
E. canis -> severe disease (canine macrocytic ehrlichiosis)
Acute:
-fever, lymphadenopahty, innapetance, weight loss
Chronic:
inappetence, weight loss, epistaxis, meningitis, glomerulonephritis

-Anaplasma spp.
A. phagocytophilum -> fever, inappetence, lethargy, lameness, possible bleeding tendencies
A platys -> thrombocytopenia w/ no signs,
A. marginale -> anemia, weight loss, abortion, removed cells by host
seen in older animals

140
Q

Anaplasmatacea family dx, tx, and control

A 
Dx
-serologically or PCR 
-aspirate lymph nodes; vacuoles inside macrophages 
Tx
-ab tx
Control 
-vaccine available
-prevent exposure
141
Q

Borelia spp. general, bacteria

A
  • burgdorferi
  • pseudoGram-, spirochete, microaerophilic
  • Transmited by ticks
  • lyme disease
142
Q

Borelia spp. species and clincal signs

A

Dog -> polyarthritis, fever, anorexia; renal disease in certain breeds
Horses -> arthritis, ocular and neuronal involvement

143
Q

Borelia spp. dx, tx, and control

A 
Dx
-PCR or serology; can differentiate between vaccinated animals or infected 
-many animals exposed but no signs
Tx
-ab tx
Control
-Lyme disease vaccine - subunit 
-tick control

Block 4 (4 decks)

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