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BACTERIA Flashcards

1
Q

In bacteriology, what are the main geni of gram positive cocci? Give examples of species where you can.

A

Staphylococcus (S. aureus)
Streptococcus (S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes)
Enterococcus (UTIs eg E. faecalis)

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2
Q

In bacteriology, what are the main geni of gram negative cocci? Give examples of species where you can.

A

Neisseria (eg N. meningitidis, N. gonnorhea)

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3
Q

Give an example of a non-spore forming gram positive bacili.

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

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4
Q

In bacteriology, what are the main geni of spore forming gram positive bacili? Give examples of species where you can.

A

Bacillus (B. anthracis, B. cereus)

Clostridium (C. perfringens, C. tetani, C. botulinum, C. difficile)

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5
Q

In bacteriology, what are the main geni of acid fast bacili? Give examples of species where you can.

A

Mycobacterium (M. leprae, M tuberculosis)

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6
Q

In bacteriology, what are the main geni of gram negative bacili? Give examples of species where you can.

A 
The Enterobacter family:
Escherichia (E. coli)
Klebsiella (K. pneumoniae)
Salmonella (S. bongori, S. enterica)
Shigella
Yersinia (Y. pestis - Bubonic plague)
Helicobacter (H. pylori)
Vibrio (V. cholerae)
Haemophilus (H. influenzae)
Legionella
Coxiella
Pseudomonas (P. aeruginosa)
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7
Q

In bacteriology, what are the main geni of spiral bacteria?

A

Treponema (T. pallidum - syphilis)

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8
Q

Where is bacillus cereus found and what sort of infection does it usually cause?

A

Bacillus cereus is found in rice and therefore causes gastroenteritis with severe nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea.

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9
Q

What kind of infection are enterococci normally responsible for?

A

Urinary tract infections

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10
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of diptheria?

A

The symptoms of diphtheria usually begin two to seven days after infection. Symptoms of diphtheria include fever of 38 °C or above, chills, fatigue, cyanosis, sore throat, hoarseness, cough, headache, difficulty swallowing, painful swallowing, difficulty breathing, rapid breathing, foul-smelling bloodstained nasal discharge and lymphadenopathy. Symptoms can also include cardiac arrhythmias, myocarditis, and cranial and peripheral nerve palsies.

Diphtheritic croup:
Laryngeal diphtheria can lead to a characteristic swollen neck and throat, or “bull neck”. The swollen throat is often accompanied by a serious respiratory condition, characterized by a brassy or “barking” cough, stridor, hoarseness, and difficulty breathing, and historically referred to variously as “diphtheritic croup”, “true croup”, or sometimes simply as “croup”.

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11
Q

What can Klebsiella bacteria cause?

A

Atypical pneumonia

Rhinoscleroma

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12
Q

What is the bacteria responsible for typhoid fever?

A

Salmonella typhi

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13
Q

What are the fours phases of typhoid fever?

A

Phase 1: Fluctuating fever, bradycardia (Faget sign), malaise, headache, cough, epistaxis, abdominal pain.

Phase 2: Bedbound, fever of 40 or above, bradycardia (Faget sign), delirium, rose spots on chest and abdomen, painful distended abdomen, bright green diarrhoea/constipation, hepato and splenomegaly.

Phase 3: High fever continues, macular rash on trunk, Complications - intestinal haemorrhage, intestinal perforation (peritonitis), encephalitis, pneumonia, metastatic abscesses

Phase 4: slow recovery and falling temperatures

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14
Q

What are the bacteria most commonly responsible for community acquired pneumonia?

A 
Typicals:
Streptococcus pneumonia (gram positive cocci)
Staph aureus (gram positive cocci)
Moraxella catarrhalis (gram negative cocci)
Haemophilus influenzae (gram negative bacilli)

Atypicals:
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (no peptidoglycan wall)
Legionella pneumophilia(gram negative bacilli)
Multiple species of Chlamydia(gram negative)
Coxiella burnetti (gram negative bacilli)

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15
Q

What antibiotics would you use to treat someone with:

mild to mod pneumonia?
May be atypical?

Severe pneumonia?

Aspiration pneumonia?

Mild to moderate pneumonia in a penicillin allergic patient?

Severe pneumonia in a penicillin allergic patient?

A 
1st line (mild to mod): Amoxicillin
If suspect atypical add Clarythromycin

1st line (if severe - CRUB 65 of 3/4): Co-amoxiclav + Clarythromycin

If aspiration pneumonia: Co-amoxiclav

Mild-mod penicillin allergy: Clarythromycin

Severe penicillin allergy: Clarythromycin plus Teicoplanin

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16
Q

What is the classification guide used to assess whether a cellulitis should be admitted? What are the different levels and how do they affect treatment?

A

Eron classification:

Class I — there are no signs of systemic toxicity or uncontrolled co-morbidities.
Class II — the person is either systemically unwell or systemically well but with a co-morbidity (for example peripheral arterial disease, chronic venous insufficiency, or morbid obesity) which may complicate or delay resolution of infection.
Class III — the person has significant systemic upset (such as acute confusion, tachycardia, hypotension), or unstable co-morbidities that may interfere with a response to treatment, or a limb-threatening infection due to vascular compromize.
Class IV — the person has sepsis syndrome or a severe life-threatening infection such as necrotizing fasciitis.

People with class I cellulitis can be managed in primary care with oral antibiotics.
People with class II cellulitis are suitable for short-term (up to 48 hours) hospitalization and discharge on outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy (OPAT), where this service is available.
People with class III or class IV cellulitis require immediate admission to hospital. People with suspected necrotizing fasciitis require urgent surgical assessment.
17
Q

What are the bacteria most commonly associated with cellulitis?

A

Staphylococcus and Streptococcus infections:

Staph. aureus
Strep. pyogenes

18
Q

What antibiotics would you use to treat someone with:

Mild to moderate cellulitis?

Severe cellulitis?

Cellulitis in someone with a penicillin allergy?

Necrotizing fasciitis?

Cellulitis caused by MRSA?

A

1st line (mild to moderate): Flucloxacillin

Severe: Benzylpenicillin + Flucloxacillin

Penicillin allergy: Clindamycin

Necrotizing fasciitis: Benzylpenicillin + Flucloxacillin + Clindamycin

MRSA: Teicoplanin

19
Q

What are the most common bacterial causes of endocarditis in patients who:

Have had rheumatic fever?

Are IV drug users?

Have had prosthetic valves inserted?

A

Rheumatic fever - Streptococcus viridans group

IV drug users - Staph aureus, Streptococcus viridans group,

Prosthetic valves - Staph epidermidis, Gram-negative bacteria, Streptococcus viridans group

20
Q

What antibiotics would you use to treat someone with:

Endocarditis of unknown cause?

Endocarditis due to viridans-group strep?

Endocarditis in a IV drug user?

Endocarditis in someone with a prosthetic valve?

A

Unknown: Amoxicillin + Gentamicin

Viridans-group Strep: Benzylpenicillin +Gentamicin

IVDU: Flucloxacillin

Prosthetic valve: Teicoplanin + Gentamicin + Rifampicin

Penicillin allergy: Teicoplanin + Gentamicin

21
Q

What are the main bacterial causes of infectious gastroenteritis?

A 
Campylobacter jejuni
Escherichia coli
Salmonella typhi
Shigella
Yersinia enterocolitica
Clostridium difficile
22
Q

What bacteria might you suspect in someone who was experiencing the following gastroenteric symptoms:

A traveller with watery stools, abdominal cramps and nausea.

A

E. coli

23
Q

What bacteria might you suspect in someone who was experiencing the following gastroenteric symptoms:

Profuse, watery diarrhoea
Severe dehydration resulting in weight loss

A

Vibrio cholerae

24
Q

What bacteria might you suspect in someone who was experiencing the following gastroenteric symptoms:

Bloody diarrhoea
Vomiting and abdominal pain

A

Shigella

25
Q

What bacteria might you suspect in someone who was experiencing the following gastroenteric symptoms:

A flu-like prodrome is usually followed by crampy abdominal pains, fever and diarrhoea which may be bloody
The patient goes on to develop Guillain-Barre

A

Campylobacter

26
Q

What bacteria might you suspect in someone who was experiencing the following gastroenteric symptoms:

Vomiting within 6 hours after eating rice that was a few days old, then diarrhoeal illness occurring after 6 hours

A

Bacillus cereus

27
Q

What is the incubation period of staphylococcus food poisoning?

A

1-6 hours

28
Q

What is the incubation period of Salmonella before gastroenteritic symptoms develop?

A

12-48 hours

29
Q

What is the incubation period of E. coli before gastroenteritic symptoms develop?

A

12-48 hours

30
Q

What is the incubation period of Shigella before gastroenteritic symptoms develop?

A

48-72 hours

31
Q

What is the incubation period of Campylobacter before gastroenteritic symptoms develop?

A

48-72 hours

32
Q

What antiobiotics would you use to treat someone with:

Gastroenteritis of unknown cause:

Gastroenteritis caused by Campylobacter:

A

Unknown cause: Ciprofloxacin

Campylobacter: Clarithromycin

33
Q

How would you treat someone with confirmed infection of C. difficile?

A

1st line: Metronidazole

2nd line: Vancomycin (oral)

3rd line: Fidaxomicin

34
Q

What advice do you need to give to someone started on metronidazole to treat a C. difficile infection?

A

Avoid alcohol

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