Bacteria

Question 1

Why study bacteria?

Answer 1

• good genetic models
• bacterial pathogens
• biotechnology

Question 2

Why do bacteria make good genetic models?

Answer 2

• grow very quickly
• haploid
• easy to manipulate genome
• no ethical concerns

Question 3

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

Ribosomes

Answer 3

P - 70s

E - 80s

Question 4

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

Size

Answer 4

P - 1-4microm

E - bigger than 5 microm

Question 5

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

Mitosis

Answer 5

P - no mitosis

E - mitosis

Question 6

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

nucleus

Answer 6

P - not present

E - present

Question 7

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

mitochondria

Answer 7

P - not present

E - present

Question 8

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

chloroplasts

Answer 8

P - not present

E sometimes present

Question 9

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

ER

Answer 9

P - no ER

E - ER

Question 10

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

Cell Wall Material

Answer 10

P - peptidoglycan

E - chitin or cellulose if present

Question 11

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

Flagella

Answer 11

P - simple flagella

E - complex flagella

Question 12

Bacteria Reproduction

Answer 12

• binary fission
• short generation times
• divide every 1-3 hours

Question 13

Bacterial Cell Walls

Answer 13

• peptidoglycan
• cross linked
• maintains shape
• prevents bursting in hypotonic event

Question 14

Bacterial Shapes

Answer 14

• spiral
• spherical
• rod shaped

Question 15

Bacterial Movement

Answer 15

-flagellum / flagella

Question 16

By what methods do bacteria acquire new traits?

Answer 16

• transformation
• transduction
• conjugation

Question 17

Transformation

Answer 17

• uptake and incorporation of DNA from the surrounding environment
• membrane proteins transport DNA into cell

Question 18

Transduction

Answer 18

• movement of genes between bacteria and bacteriophages

- bacteriophage takes DNA from one bacterium into another by mistake

Question 19

Conjugation

Answer 19

• genetic material transferred between bacterial cells
• plasmid DNA moves from a donor cell to a recipient cell via the pillus
• this is horizontal transfer across a generation rather than down to the next generation

Question 20

Mutualism

Answer 20

both symbiotic organisms benefit

Question 21

Commmenalism

Answer 21

only one organism benefits, but it doesn’t help or harm the other

Question 22

Parasitism

Answer 22

organism harm but does not kill the host

Question 23

Pathogen

Answer 23

causes disease and kills the host

Question 24

What are cyanobacteria?

Answer 24

photoautotrophs that generate oxygen

Question 25

Cyanobacteria and Chloroplasts

Answer 25

chloroplasts likely evolved from cyanobacteria by endosymbiosis

Question 26

Bioremediation

Answer 26

bacteria can be used to clear up pollution

Question 27

Gram Positive Membrane

Answer 27

• cell plasma membrane

- thick layer of peptidoglycan

Question 28

Gram Negative Membrane

Answer 28

• cell membrane
• periplasmic space
• thin layer of peptidoglycan
• outer membrane

Question 29

Gram Positive Membrane

Gram Stain

Answer 29

• peptidoglycan traps the crystal violet
• masks dye
• appears purple

Question 30

Gram Negative Membrane

Gram Stain

Answer 30

• crystal violet is easily washed away
• red dye is visible
• appears red

Question 31

Photoautotroph

Answer 31

Energy Source - light
Carbon Source - CO2 or HCO3
Examples - photosynthetic prokaryotes, plants, protists

Question 32

Chemoautotroph

Answer 32

Energy Source - inorganic chemicals
Carbon Source - CO2 or HCO3
Examples - unique to certain prokaryotes

Question 33

Photoheterotroph

Answer 33

Energy Source - light
Carbon Source - organic compounds
Examples - unique to certain salt loving and aqueous prokaryotes

Question 34

Chemoheterotroph

Answer 34

Energy Source - organic compounds
Carbon Source - organic compounds
Examples - many prokaryotes, animals, fungi, some plants