Bacteria

Question 1

Name the cell shapes.

Answer 1

• Coccus (Sphere)
• Rod-shaped
• Spiral-shaped

Question 2

What are the bacterial groups?

Answer 2

• Eu-bacteria
• Archaebacteria
• Mycoplasms

Question 3

What type of autotrophic metabolism derives energy from a light source?

Answer 3

Photoautotrophic

Question 4

What type of autotrophic metabolism derive energy from oxidation of
NH3, H gas, and sulfur compounds?

Answer 4

Chemoautotrophic

Question 5

Three kingdom monera characteristics.

Answer 5

-Prokaryotic
-Lack membrane bound organelles
- Genome: single circular DNA molecule (no
nucleus)
-Some with pilus (hair-like structures)
-Some with flagella
-Smallest (1-10 microns) and most numerous
living organisms

Question 6

Gram +ve is a ________ peptidoglycan layer.

Answer 6

Thick

Question 7

Gram -ve is a ________ peptidoglycan layer.

Answer 7

Thin

Question 8

Method for gram staining.

Answer 8

add crystal violet (purple dye) - primary stain
• add iodine (forms complex or mordant with dye)
• wash with alcohol - decolorize
• add safranin (red dye) - counterstain

Question 9

Cell wall features.

Answer 9

• Semi-rigid cell wall
Cell wall composed of Peptidoglycan
• Some species with outer Capsule or slime layer

Question 10

Name the characteristics of the first line of defense.

Answer 10

• Barriers, body surfaces
• Prevent entry of pathogen (e.g.skin and mucus)
• Body fluids which destroy bacteria (e.g. tears,perspiration, digestive acids)

Question 11

Name the characteristics of the second line of defense.

Answer 11

• Inflammation
• Fever
• Lysosomes
• Interferon

Question 12

Name the characteristics of the third line of defense.

Answer 12

-Immune responses
 Lymphocytes (White Blood Cells) directly attack
invading pathogens
 Lymphocytes produce specific antibodies designed
to destroy the pathogens
-Antibodies

Question 13

Describe antibodies.

Answer 13

• Antibodies are protein molecules (immunoglobulins)
located on the surface of B cells (lymphocytes)
• Target extracellular pathogens and toxins in tissues
• Produced in response to specific antigens
• Antibody binds to antigen (recognises a.a. sequence)
and targets it for destruction
• B cells undergo rapid cell division and produce
Effector cells (invade and destroy)
Memory cells (remembers pathogen; stronger and
faster response next time)