Bacteria Flashcards
1
Q
M. avium
A
Mycobacterium avium pulmonary disease resembling tuberculosis, lymphadenitis, skin disease, soft tissue disease, or disseminated disease immunocompromised pts
2
Q
C. difficile
A
Clostridium difficile toxin A (enterotoxin) toxin B (cytopathic agent) causes pseudomembraneous entercololitis Dx: anerobic cultures Tx: oral vancomycin, metronidazole, bacterial recolonization
3
Q
T. pallidum pertenue
A
Treponema pallidum pertenue Yaws
4
Q
B. hermsii
A
Borella hermsii tick-born (endemic) relapsing fever
5
Q
E. cloacae
A
Enterobacter cloacae lower respiratory tract infections UTIs intra-abdominal infections
6
Q
L. monocytogenes
A
Listeria monocytogenes facultative intracellular within phagolysosome (listeriolysin O) manipulates host motility to spread from cell to cell listeriosis through contaminated food (hot dogs, various meats, milk, cheese & raw vegetables) miscarriage, stillbirth or neonatal sepsis in pregnant women
7
Q
B. burgdorferi and mayonii
A
Borrelia burgdorferi and mayonii Lyme disease: from deer ticks -> erythema migrans
8
Q
beta-hemolytic
A
hemolytic
9
Q
Enterotoxigenic E. coli
A
traveler’s diarrhea
ST heat stable toxin
LT heat labile exotoxin
afebrile, can get significant wt loss
Tx: support, or ABX if febrile
10
Q
C. diphtheria
A
Corynebacteria diphtheria diphtheria toxin (toxigenic strains) A (active) fragment -> inactivates EF-2 -> blocks protein synthesis
11
Q
R. rickettsii
A
Rickettsia rickettsia Rocky Mountain spotted fever
12
Q
Enteroinvasive E. coli
A
Shigella-like diarrhea
bloody stool
Shiga-like toxin destruction of cells
13
Q
A. phagocytophilum
A
Anaplasmosis phagocytophilum causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis
14
Q
Actinomyces
A
gram+ filamentous anaerobic Actinomycosis: painful abscesses in mouth and tonsils Dx: anaerobic cultures Tx: high dose long-term penicillin
15
Q
Salmonella
A
gram- bacilli
non-lactose fermenting
hydrogen sulfide
facultative intracellular
“Vi” or capsular antigen
contaminated food (poultry), eggs, reptiles, water toxins -> activation of adenylate cyclase -> diarrhea
gastroenteritis (S. enterica enterica)
Enteric (typhoid) fever (S. Typhi), inc rose spots
Dx: culture, PCR
Tx: 3rd gen cephalosporin or quinolones (none for enteritis)
16
Q
Gram- bacteria
A
thin, intermediate layer of peptidoglycan alcohol degrades outer membrane -> no retention of CV stain -> holds counterstain LPS endotoxin
17
Q
B. anthracis
A
Bacillus anthracis Polyglutamyl capsule Exotoxins Types: Cutaneous (95%) Inhalation (woolsorters’s disease) -> hemorrhagic mediastinitis GI
18
Q
Nocardia
A
gram+ filamentous aerobic gingiva N. asteroids and brasilienses Dx: cultures Tx: sulfonamides
19
Q
Bordetella
A
gram- coccobacilli capsule exotoxins: filamentous hemagglutin, pertussin toxin, invasive adenylate cyclase toxin, tracheal cytotoxin, lethal toxin Dx: clinical sxs Tx: Erythromycin to shorten course
20
Q
Gram+ anaerobic cocci
A
coccoid non-spore forming Peptostreptococcus family P. magnus: deep organ abscesses, skin and soft tissue infections P. anaerobius: oral infection
21
Q
S. pneumoniae
A
Streptococcus pneumoniae encapsulated #1 cause of adult bacterial pneumonia optochin sensitive
22
Q
Listeria
A
gram+ bacilli Dx: blood/CSF culture Tx: ampicillin, trimethroprim-sufmethoxazole
23
Q
alpha-hemolytic
A
partial hemolytic
24
Q
Enterobacter
A
gram- rods
ferment lactose
inducible beta-lactamases (resistance to 3rd gen cephalosporins)
Dx: culture
Tx: sulfa, carbapenem
25
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli
O157:H7 strains
hemorrhagic colitis
bloody diarrhea
shiga-like cytotoxins (verotoxins)
26
M. bovis
Mycobacterium bovis oropharyngeal and intestinal through unpasteurized milk
27
Rickettsia
gram- pleomorphic coccobacilli intracellular steals ATP via ATP/ADP translocator vasculitis, skin rash Dx: Weil-felix test Tx: Doxycycline
28
P. vulgaris & P. penneri
Proteus vulgaris & penerri LTC facilities and hospitals; immunosuppressed pts
29
S. saprophyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
coagulase- causes
UTIs in young females: "Honeymoon" cystitis
30
S. dysenteriae
Shiga dystentariae
dysentery: cramps; watery, bloody diarrhea
one of the most infective bacteria on planet
bloody mucopurulent after incubation of 1-4 days
31
S. agalactiae
Streptococcus agalactiae GBS encapsulated #1 cause of neonatal septicemia, meningitis & pneumonia
32
M. pneumoniae
Mycoplasmatacae pneumonia atypical "walking" pneumonia
33
T. pallidum pallidum
Treponema pallidum pallidum
Syphilis: painless hard chancre -\> primary -\> secondary -\> tertiary
Congenital syphilis: Hutchinson triad (after age 2)
Treponematosis: non-sexual txmt
34
C. botulinum
Clostridium botulinum one or more of 8 exotoxins (block acetylcholine release) type A is most potent infection due to poorly canned foods causes flaccid paralysis, diplopia, dysarthria, dysphonia and dysphagia -\> respiratory failure also infant (bee honey) and wound botulism Dx: difficult to culture Tx: botulinum antitoxins
35
Ehrlichiosis & Anaplasmosis
intracellular Dx: morulae in buffy coat exam of blood Tx: doxycycline
36
F. necrophorum
Fusobacterium necrophorum peritonsilar abscesses hemagglutinin -\> Lemierre syndrome
37
Bacillus
gram+ boxcar-shaped rods aerobe to facultative anaerobes Dx: gram stain, PCR, immunofluorescence Tx: antibiotics, prevention through vaccine
38
Chlamydia
gram- coccoid intracellular infectious elementary bodies infracellular reticulate bodies steals ATP via ATP/ADP translocator Dx: ID inclusion bodies Tx: antibiotics Prevention through condom use
39
Corynebacteria
gram+ rod-like -\> club-shaped belong to mycobacteriacae containing mycolic acid (LCFA) in cell membrane Dx: pseudomembranous material in UR tract Tx: antitoxin prevention by DPT vaccine
40
L. pneumophilia
Legionella pneumophilia Legionnaire's disease Pontiac fever
41
Coliforms
gram- bacilli ferment lactose (except proteus and serratia)
42
Mycoplasmatacea
lack a cell wall appear gram-
43
B. cereus
Bacillus cereus causes food poisoning (enterotoxins)
44
Coxiella burnetii
gram- intracellular requires host ATP zoonosis (cattle, sheep, goats, unpasteurized milk) endospore-like state causes Q fever
45
C. psittaci
Chlamydia psittaci Psittacosis: psittacine birds Ornithosis: non-psittacine birds
46
B. bacilliformis
Bartonella bacilliformis carrion disease
47
Orientia tsutsugamushi
intracellular not rickettsia, but same family transmitted by chigger Endemic to E. Asia and SW Pacific Scrub (bush) typhus
48
Shigella
gram- rod
non-lactose fermenting
no hydrogen sulfide
non-motile
shiga-toxin (A subunit inhibits 60s and protein synthesis)
Dx: cultures
Tx: fluid w/ electrolytes
49
B. henselae
Bartonella henselae cat-scratch disease, bacillary peliosis of liver and bacillary angiomatosis
50
Francisella tularenis
gram- poleomorphic coccobacillus intracellular Dx: culture on buffered charcoal and yeast extract Tx: streptomycin
51
Staphylococci
gram+ catalase+ MRSA and VRSA strains Dx: culture Tx: antibiotics
52
Haemophilus
gram- coccobacilli capsule Dx: gram-stain of CSF Rx: IV or parenteral 3rd gen cephalosporins
53
Fusobacterium
gram- fusiform bacilli anerobic Dx: anaerobic cultures Tx: antibiotics
54
Helicobacter pylori
gram- helically shaped non-lactose fermenter mucosa of the stomach produces urease chronic gastritis, gastric/duodenal ulcers, gastric adenocarcinoma & gastric MALT lymphoma Feco-oral or oral-oral transmission Dx: stool antigen test Tx: clarithromycin-based triple therapy or bismuth quadruple therapy
55
S. epidermidis
Staphylococcus epidermidis coagulase- causes subacute endocarditis, infection of prosthesis via biofilms
56
T. pallidum carateum
Treponema pallidum carateum Pinta
57
N. meningitides (meningococcus)
Neisseria meningitides
antiphagocytic capsule
LPS endotoxin, IgA1 protease
MAC deficiency -\> high rate of infection (meningitis)
Waterhouse-Friederichsen syndrome (adrenal hemorrhage w/ infection leading to system collapse)
Dorms, military barracks
Dx: culture (Thayer-Martin VCN lysed RBC media)
Tx: 3rd gen cephalosporin Prevention by meningococcal vaccine
58
Vibrio cholerae
gram- curved rods "comma-shaped"
single polar flagellum
oxidase+
poor sanitation
choleragen (enterotoxin) -\> overproduction of cAMP -\> diarrhea and dehydration
Dx: "rice water stool"
Tx: fluid and electrolyte replacement
59
C. tetani
Clostridium tetani single exotoxin (tetanospasmin/spasmogenic toxin/tetanus toxin) -\> muscle spasms (lockjaw/trismus) and convulsions (tetanus) prevention by DPT and Td booster vaccines
60
Streptococci
gram+ cocci in chains catalase- Lacefield groupings Dx: culture Tx: antibiotics
61
Pseudomonas
gram- rods
nonfermentive
oxidase+
likes air (ppl on ventilators) and water
antiphagocytic aligate slime biofilm
Exotoxin A most toxic -\> loss of protein synthesis opportunistic pathogen (surgeries, burns, cystic fibrosis, etc)
Dx: culture (fruit grape odor or fluorescent pigments)
Tx: antibiotics
62
S. pyogenes
Streptococcus pyogenes GAS encapsulated erythrogenic exotoxin #1 cause of bacterial pharyngitis also impetigo, necrotizing fascitis and TSS untx'd can progress to RF, rheumatic valvular disease and poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (cross-reactivity of M proteins)
63
Bacteroids & Prevotella
gram- bacilli or cocco-bacilli
anaerobic
opportunistic w/ immunosuppression
Dx: gram stain and anaerobic culture
64
Proteus
gram- bacilli
non-lactose fermenter and very motile
renal UTIs, wound infections
urease splitting: high pH urine and stones incl staghorn calculi
Dx: cultures, swarms plates
Tx: quinolone, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
65
Enteropathogenic E. coli
infantile diarrhea Salmonella-like
66
S. aureus
Staphylococcus aureus coagulase+ (clumping factor or receptors to fibrinogen) causes skin infections, pneumonia, meningitis, acute endocarditis, osteomyelitis, TSS, food posioning polysaccharide capsule surface protein A exfoliative A & B toxins (scaled skin syndrome) superantigens (TSS1 toxin & heat stable enterotoxin) -\> TSS
67
P. mirabilis
Proteus mirabilis very motile Urease alkalinizes urine -\> struvite stones
68
gama-hemolytic
non-hemolytic
69
Moraxella and Kingella
gram- diplococcus
Moraxella catarrhalis: 3rd most common CAP, Acinetobacter baumannii-haemolyticus complex (very ABX-resistant)
70
Clostridia
gram+ rod spores obligate anaerobes Dx: symptomology, anaerobic cultures Rx: penicillin and clindamycin
71
Brucella
gram- coccobacilli intracellular zoonosis Brucellosis: undulant fever outbreaks due to unpasteurized milk and undercooked meat B. melitensis and suis more transmissible Dx: Cultures 3-4 wks Tx: Doxycycline plus rifampin
72
Y. pestis
Yersinia pestis
Bubonic plague (black death); causes buboes
also septicemic and pneumonic plagues
rodent carriers particularly gerbils/black rats
virulence due to F1 antigen and V & W antigens at body temp
73
Gardnerella vaginalis
gram+ bacterial vaginosis Dx: clue cells and fishy odor Tx: metronidazole or clindamycin
74
T. pallidum endemicum
Treponema pallidum endemicum Endemic syphilis (bejel)
75
R. typhi
Rickettsia typhi endemic/murine typhus from rates via rate flea
76
H. influezae
Haemophilus influezae Hib: #1 cause of bacterial meningitis in children 6 mo-2 yrs Prevention by vaccine
77
P. aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
blue-green pigment
hot tub folliculitis
78
E. chaffeensis
Ehrlichiosis chaffeesis causes human monocytic ehrlichiosis
79
M. genitalium, M. hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum
sexually active people non-gonococcal urethritis, cervicitis, PID
80
Treponema
weak gram- spirochete Dx: cannot grow in vitro; RPR or VDRL tests, FTA-ABS, TPPA tests; dark field microscopy; Wasserman test Tx: penicillin G Prevention through condoms
81
Yersinia
gram- bipolar staining coccobacilli
glucose fermenter
Dx: Sputum exam
Rx: Rapid tx w/ streptomycin
82
B. cepacia
Burkholderia cepacia pulmonary infections in those with cystic fibrosis
83
C. perfringens
Clostridium perfringens anaerobic mixed wound infections causes myonecrosis (exotoxins) -\> gas gangrene
84
Serratia
gram- rod
non-lactose fermenter
Dx: characteristic red pigment on McConkey agar
85
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
gram- rod most non-fermentive oxidase+/-
86
Mycobactericea
Rod-like to filamentous CMN group (mycolic acids) Cord factors inactivate mitochondrial membranes Dx: PPD, acid-fast (Ziehl-Neelsen) stain Tx: Isoniazid, rifampin Prevention through BCG vaccine
87
E. faecalis and E. faecium
Enterococcus faecalis and faecium normal intestinal flora causes UTIs, bacteremia vancomycin resitance strain (VRE)
88
N. gonorrhoeae (gonococcus)
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Fimbriae (pili) for attachment
LPS endotoxin
damage sexual or vaginal delivery transmission
Gonorrhea -\> occasional PID, opthalmia neonatorum, DGI (arthritis in adults)
89
Legionella
gram- bacilli
ubiquitous aquatic
hemolytic and some w/ exotoxins intracellular
Dx: BCYE agar
Rx: azithromycin for children and fluoroquinolones for adults Prevention through maintaining ACs
90
B. melitensis
Brucella melitensis goat, sheep, camels Malta/undulant/Mediterranean fever
91
Bartonnella
gram- pleomorphic bacilli oxidase- facultative parasite Dx: Giemsa stained blood smears Tx: macrolides, tetracyclines
92
S. viridans
Streptococcus viridans dental caries, subacute endocarditis
93
R. prowazekii
Rickettsia prowazekii epidemic typhus human to human via human body louse
94
C. pneumoniae, strain TWAR
Chlamydia pneumonia Upper/lower respiratory tract infections
95
Gram+ bacteria
thick peptideoglycan walls takes up and retains crystal violet stains
96
Borrelia
gram- spirochete Dx: clinical pres Rx: doxycline, amoxicillin
97
E. aerogenes
Enterobacter aerogenes nosocomial opportunistic infections
98
M. leprae
Mycobacterium leprae Hansen's disease tuberuloid (5 skin lesions; grown on footpads of armadillos)
99
E. ewingii
Ehrlichiosis ewigii causes human ewingii ehrlichiosis
100
Burkholderia
gram- rods
oxidase+
very hardy, so infection control a problem
Dx: culture
Tx: antibiotics (w/ some resistance)
101
S. bovis/equinus
Streptococcus bovis/equinus GDS gamma or alpha hemolysis UTIs and endocarditis
102
M. tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis airborne droplets
103
Klebsiella
gram- bacilli
ferment lactose
Klebsiella granulomatis
Dx: red on McConkey's agar culture
Tx: many antibiotics
104
Y. enterocolitica/pseudotuberculosis
Yersinia entercolitica/pseudotuberculosis
contaminated food (meats) or water
self-limited ileitis, gastroenteritis, clinically looks like appendicitis
can also cause sepsis, metastatic disease, reactive polyarthropathy (AS)
105
F. tularensis
Francisella tularensis Rabbit handling Tularemia: ulceroglandular or penumonic
106
Enterococci
gram+ diplococci or short chains catalase- gama-hemolytic Dx: culture Tx: antibiotics (high resistance to ampicillin; possibly to vancomycin, aminoglycosides & others)
107
B. quintana
Bartonella Quintana trench fever
108
Tuberculosis
primary infection -\> secondary infection Miliary TB (erodes into vessels) scrofula (non-pulmonary) Immunosuppressed: TB w/o granulomas
109
B. fragilis
Bacteroides fragilis anti-phagocytic capsule
110
Campylobacter jejuni
gram- curved rods
non-lactose fermenter
contaminated water, milk or undercooked foods (raw clams)
fever, headache, bloody and loose diarrhea, actute enteritis (pseudo-appendicitis)
associated with Guillan-Barre
Dx: "seagull" or "comma" shaped organisms in culture Tx: Early erythromycin tx
111
S. marcescens
Serratia marcescens nosocomial respiratory and urinary tract infections
112
Escherichia
gram- ferment lactos strains w/ K1 antigen -\> neonatal meningitis causes UTIs, diarrhea
113
Leptospira
Leptospira interrogans Leptospirosis Zoonosis (rats, mice, moles) -\> mucosa/broken skin (leptospiremic phase) Acute onset of sx (anicteric leptospirosis) Weil disease (dysfunction of kidneys and liver) Dx: darkfield microscopy urine/blood Tx: doxycycline, ampicillin
114
R. akari
Rickettsia akari pox from mice via mites
115
Acinetobacter baumannii
gram- coccobacillus nosocomial infections or immunocompromised pts Dx: culture Rx: amikacin, minocylcine
116
Neisseria
gram- "coffee bean" diplococci
Dx: culture (Thayer-Martin VCN lysed RBC media)
Tx: ceftriaxone + azithromycin due to resistant strains
117
B. recurrentis
Borella recurrentis louse-born (epidemic) relapsing fever
118
M. catarrhalis
Moraxella catarrhalis common cold, otitis media Dx: culture Tx: antibiotics (resistant to beta-lactams)
119
K. pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae
#1 cause of nosocomial respiratory tract infections bacterial pneumonia and UTIs
2nd to E. coli for causes of infection
often becomes ABX-resistant; ESBI and CRE
120
C. trachomatis
Chlamydia trachomatis trachoma nongonoccocal urethritis, cervicitis, salpingitis, endometritis, PID, inclusion conjunctivitis lymphogranuloma venereum (small painless papule -\> pustule)
121
Pasteurella multicida
gram- coccobacilli Dx: clinical presentation and culture Tx: amoxicillin-clavulanate
122
B. pertussis
Bordetella pertussis Whooping cough Staged: catarrhal -\> paroxysmal -\> convalescent Prevention through DTaP (x5) and TDaP
123
Lactose fermenters
E. coli
Klebsiella
Enterobacter
Citrobacter (slow)
Serratia (slow)
Provedencia (slow)
124
Non-lactose fermenters
Pseudomonas
Proteus
Acinetobacter
Stenotrophomonas
Moraxella
Shigella
Salmonella
Bordatella
Burkholderia
125
Morganella morganii
Non lactose fermenter
inducible resistance so high generations cephalopsporins or carbapenums
abdominal infections, urine and elsewhere as common hospital infection
126
V. parahaemolyticus
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
eating contaminated shell-fish
w/i 24 hrs: diarrhea (occ blood) with low grade fever, mild chills and headache in less than 50%
127
V. vulnificans
Vibrio vulnificans
almost all oysters in Chesapeake bay and 10% crabs
cirrhotic
sepsis usually fatal (25%) within 48 hrs
128
E. corrodens
Eikenella corrodens
'human bite'
think of someone who punched another in the mouth (teeth contact) w/ nasty wound
129
Xanthomonadaceae
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
colonizer to pathogen mainly in lung, post cardiac surgical wounds including freshly cracked sternums
Tx: Sulfa/TMP, resistant to carbapenums is a unique feature
