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RVUCOM TCM > Bacteria > Flashcards

Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

M. avium

A

Mycobacterium avium pulmonary disease resembling tuberculosis, lymphadenitis, skin disease, soft tissue disease, or disseminated disease immunocompromised pts

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2
Q

C. difficile

A

Clostridium difficile toxin A (enterotoxin) toxin B (cytopathic agent) causes pseudomembraneous entercololitis Dx: anerobic cultures Tx: oral vancomycin, metronidazole, bacterial recolonization

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3
Q

T. pallidum pertenue

A

Treponema pallidum pertenue Yaws

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4
Q

B. hermsii

A

Borella hermsii tick-born (endemic) relapsing fever

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5
Q

E. cloacae

A

Enterobacter cloacae lower respiratory tract infections UTIs intra-abdominal infections

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6
Q

L. monocytogenes

A

Listeria monocytogenes facultative intracellular within phagolysosome (listeriolysin O) manipulates host motility to spread from cell to cell listeriosis through contaminated food (hot dogs, various meats, milk, cheese & raw vegetables) miscarriage, stillbirth or neonatal sepsis in pregnant women

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7
Q

B. burgdorferi and mayonii

A

Borrelia burgdorferi and mayonii Lyme disease: from deer ticks -> erythema migrans

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8
Q

beta-hemolytic

A

hemolytic

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9
Q

Enterotoxigenic E. coli

A

traveler’s diarrhea

ST heat stable toxin

LT heat labile exotoxin

afebrile, can get significant wt loss

Tx: support, or ABX if febrile

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10
Q

C. diphtheria

A

Corynebacteria diphtheria diphtheria toxin (toxigenic strains) A (active) fragment -> inactivates EF-2 -> blocks protein synthesis

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11
Q

R. rickettsii

A

Rickettsia rickettsia Rocky Mountain spotted fever

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12
Q

Enteroinvasive E. coli

A

Shigella-like diarrhea

bloody stool

Shiga-like toxin destruction of cells

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13
Q

A. phagocytophilum

A

Anaplasmosis phagocytophilum causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis

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14
Q

Actinomyces

A

gram+ filamentous anaerobic Actinomycosis: painful abscesses in mouth and tonsils Dx: anaerobic cultures Tx: high dose long-term penicillin

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15
Q

Salmonella

A

gram- bacilli

non-lactose fermenting

hydrogen sulfide

facultative intracellular

“Vi” or capsular antigen

contaminated food (poultry), eggs, reptiles, water toxins -> activation of adenylate cyclase -> diarrhea

gastroenteritis (S. enterica enterica)

Enteric (typhoid) fever (S. Typhi), inc rose spots

Dx: culture, PCR

Tx: 3rd gen cephalosporin or quinolones (none for enteritis)

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16
Q

Gram- bacteria

A

thin, intermediate layer of peptidoglycan alcohol degrades outer membrane -> no retention of CV stain -> holds counterstain LPS endotoxin

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17
Q

B. anthracis

A

Bacillus anthracis Polyglutamyl capsule Exotoxins Types: Cutaneous (95%) Inhalation (woolsorters’s disease) -> hemorrhagic mediastinitis GI

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18
Q

Nocardia

A

gram+ filamentous aerobic gingiva N. asteroids and brasilienses Dx: cultures Tx: sulfonamides

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19
Q

Bordetella

A

gram- coccobacilli capsule exotoxins: filamentous hemagglutin, pertussin toxin, invasive adenylate cyclase toxin, tracheal cytotoxin, lethal toxin Dx: clinical sxs Tx: Erythromycin to shorten course

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20
Q

Gram+ anaerobic cocci

A

coccoid non-spore forming Peptostreptococcus family P. magnus: deep organ abscesses, skin and soft tissue infections P. anaerobius: oral infection

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21
Q

S. pneumoniae

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae encapsulated #1 cause of adult bacterial pneumonia optochin sensitive

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22
Q

Listeria

A

gram+ bacilli Dx: blood/CSF culture Tx: ampicillin, trimethroprim-sufmethoxazole

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23
Q

alpha-hemolytic

A

partial hemolytic

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24
Q

Enterobacter

A

gram- rods

ferment lactose

inducible beta-lactamases (resistance to 3rd gen cephalosporins)

Dx: culture

Tx: sulfa, carbapenem

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25
Q

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli

A

O157:H7 strains

hemorrhagic colitis

bloody diarrhea

shiga-like cytotoxins (verotoxins)

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26
Q

M. bovis

A

Mycobacterium bovis oropharyngeal and intestinal through unpasteurized milk

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27
Q

Rickettsia

A

gram- pleomorphic coccobacilli intracellular steals ATP via ATP/ADP translocator vasculitis, skin rash Dx: Weil-felix test Tx: Doxycycline

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28
Q

P. vulgaris & P. penneri

A

Proteus vulgaris & penerri LTC facilities and hospitals; immunosuppressed pts

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29
Q

S. saprophyticus

A

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

coagulase- causes

UTIs in young females: “Honeymoon” cystitis

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30
Q

S. dysenteriae

A

Shiga dystentariae

dysentery: cramps; watery, bloody diarrhea

one of the most infective bacteria on planet

bloody mucopurulent after incubation of 1-4 days

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31
Q

S. agalactiae

A

Streptococcus agalactiae GBS encapsulated #1 cause of neonatal septicemia, meningitis & pneumonia

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32
Q

M. pneumoniae

A

Mycoplasmatacae pneumonia atypical “walking” pneumonia

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33
Q

T. pallidum pallidum

A

Treponema pallidum pallidum

Syphilis: painless hard chancre -> primary -> secondary -> tertiary

Congenital syphilis: Hutchinson triad (after age 2)

Treponematosis: non-sexual txmt

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34
Q

C. botulinum

A

Clostridium botulinum one or more of 8 exotoxins (block acetylcholine release) type A is most potent infection due to poorly canned foods causes flaccid paralysis, diplopia, dysarthria, dysphonia and dysphagia -> respiratory failure also infant (bee honey) and wound botulism Dx: difficult to culture Tx: botulinum antitoxins

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35
Q

Ehrlichiosis & Anaplasmosis

A

intracellular Dx: morulae in buffy coat exam of blood Tx: doxycycline

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36
Q

F. necrophorum

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum peritonsilar abscesses hemagglutinin -> Lemierre syndrome

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37
Q

Bacillus

A

gram+ boxcar-shaped rods aerobe to facultative anaerobes Dx: gram stain, PCR, immunofluorescence Tx: antibiotics, prevention through vaccine

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38
Q

Chlamydia

A

gram- coccoid intracellular infectious elementary bodies infracellular reticulate bodies steals ATP via ATP/ADP translocator Dx: ID inclusion bodies Tx: antibiotics Prevention through condom use

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39
Q

Corynebacteria

A

gram+ rod-like -> club-shaped belong to mycobacteriacae containing mycolic acid (LCFA) in cell membrane Dx: pseudomembranous material in UR tract Tx: antitoxin prevention by DPT vaccine

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40
Q

L. pneumophilia

A

Legionella pneumophilia Legionnaire’s disease Pontiac fever

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41
Q

Coliforms

A

gram- bacilli ferment lactose (except proteus and serratia)

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42
Q

Mycoplasmatacea

A

lack a cell wall appear gram-

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43
Q

B. cereus

A

Bacillus cereus causes food poisoning (enterotoxins)

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44
Q

Coxiella burnetii

A

gram- intracellular requires host ATP zoonosis (cattle, sheep, goats, unpasteurized milk) endospore-like state causes Q fever

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45
Q

C. psittaci

A

Chlamydia psittaci Psittacosis: psittacine birds Ornithosis: non-psittacine birds

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46
Q

B. bacilliformis

A

Bartonella bacilliformis carrion disease

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47
Q

Orientia tsutsugamushi

A

intracellular not rickettsia, but same family transmitted by chigger Endemic to E. Asia and SW Pacific Scrub (bush) typhus

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48
Q

Shigella

A

gram- rod

non-lactose fermenting

no hydrogen sulfide

non-motile

shiga-toxin (A subunit inhibits 60s and protein synthesis)

Dx: cultures

Tx: fluid w/ electrolytes

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49
Q

B. henselae

A

Bartonella henselae cat-scratch disease, bacillary peliosis of liver and bacillary angiomatosis

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50
Q

Francisella tularenis

A

gram- poleomorphic coccobacillus intracellular Dx: culture on buffered charcoal and yeast extract Tx: streptomycin

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51
Q

Staphylococci

A

gram+ catalase+ MRSA and VRSA strains Dx: culture Tx: antibiotics

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52
Q

Haemophilus

A

gram- coccobacilli capsule Dx: gram-stain of CSF Rx: IV or parenteral 3rd gen cephalosporins

53
Q

Fusobacterium

A

gram- fusiform bacilli anerobic Dx: anaerobic cultures Tx: antibiotics

54
Q

Helicobacter pylori

A

gram- helically shaped non-lactose fermenter mucosa of the stomach produces urease chronic gastritis, gastric/duodenal ulcers, gastric adenocarcinoma & gastric MALT lymphoma Feco-oral or oral-oral transmission Dx: stool antigen test Tx: clarithromycin-based triple therapy or bismuth quadruple therapy

55
Q

S. epidermidis

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis coagulase- causes subacute endocarditis, infection of prosthesis via biofilms

56
Q

T. pallidum carateum

A

Treponema pallidum carateum Pinta

57
Q

N. meningitides (meningococcus)

A

Neisseria meningitides

antiphagocytic capsule

LPS endotoxin, IgA1 protease

MAC deficiency -> high rate of infection (meningitis)

Waterhouse-Friederichsen syndrome (adrenal hemorrhage w/ infection leading to system collapse)

Dorms, military barracks

Dx: culture (Thayer-Martin VCN lysed RBC media)

Tx: 3rd gen cephalosporin Prevention by meningococcal vaccine

58
Q

Vibrio cholerae

A

gram- curved rods “comma-shaped”

single polar flagellum

oxidase+

poor sanitation

choleragen (enterotoxin) -> overproduction of cAMP -> diarrhea and dehydration

Dx: “rice water stool”

Tx: fluid and electrolyte replacement

59
Q

C. tetani

A

Clostridium tetani single exotoxin (tetanospasmin/spasmogenic toxin/tetanus toxin) -> muscle spasms (lockjaw/trismus) and convulsions (tetanus) prevention by DPT and Td booster vaccines

60
Q

Streptococci

A

gram+ cocci in chains catalase- Lacefield groupings Dx: culture Tx: antibiotics

61
Q

Pseudomonas

A

gram- rods

nonfermentive

oxidase+

likes air (ppl on ventilators) and water

antiphagocytic aligate slime biofilm

Exotoxin A most toxic -> loss of protein synthesis opportunistic pathogen (surgeries, burns, cystic fibrosis, etc)

Dx: culture (fruit grape odor or fluorescent pigments)

Tx: antibiotics

62
Q

S. pyogenes

A

Streptococcus pyogenes GAS encapsulated erythrogenic exotoxin #1 cause of bacterial pharyngitis also impetigo, necrotizing fascitis and TSS untx’d can progress to RF, rheumatic valvular disease and poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (cross-reactivity of M proteins)

63
Q

Bacteroids & Prevotella

A

gram- bacilli or cocco-bacilli

anaerobic

opportunistic w/ immunosuppression

Dx: gram stain and anaerobic culture

64
Q

Proteus

A

gram- bacilli

non-lactose fermenter and very motile

renal UTIs, wound infections

urease splitting: high pH urine and stones incl staghorn calculi

Dx: cultures, swarms plates

Tx: quinolone, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole

65
Q

Enteropathogenic E. coli

A

infantile diarrhea Salmonella-like

66
Q

S. aureus

A

Staphylococcus aureus coagulase+ (clumping factor or receptors to fibrinogen) causes skin infections, pneumonia, meningitis, acute endocarditis, osteomyelitis, TSS, food posioning polysaccharide capsule surface protein A exfoliative A & B toxins (scaled skin syndrome) superantigens (TSS1 toxin & heat stable enterotoxin) -> TSS

67
Q

P. mirabilis

A

Proteus mirabilis very motile Urease alkalinizes urine -> struvite stones

68
Q

gama-hemolytic

A

non-hemolytic

69
Q

Moraxella and Kingella

A

gram- diplococcus

Moraxella catarrhalis: 3rd most common CAP, Acinetobacter baumannii-haemolyticus complex (very ABX-resistant)

70
Q

Clostridia

A

gram+ rod spores obligate anaerobes Dx: symptomology, anaerobic cultures Rx: penicillin and clindamycin

71
Q

Brucella

A

gram- coccobacilli intracellular zoonosis Brucellosis: undulant fever outbreaks due to unpasteurized milk and undercooked meat B. melitensis and suis more transmissible Dx: Cultures 3-4 wks Tx: Doxycycline plus rifampin

72
Q

Y. pestis

A

Yersinia pestis

Bubonic plague (black death); causes buboes

also septicemic and pneumonic plagues

rodent carriers particularly gerbils/black rats

virulence due to F1 antigen and V & W antigens at body temp

73
Q

Gardnerella vaginalis

A

gram+ bacterial vaginosis Dx: clue cells and fishy odor Tx: metronidazole or clindamycin

74
Q

T. pallidum endemicum

A

Treponema pallidum endemicum Endemic syphilis (bejel)

75
Q

R. typhi

A

Rickettsia typhi endemic/murine typhus from rates via rate flea

76
Q

H. influezae

A

Haemophilus influezae Hib: #1 cause of bacterial meningitis in children 6 mo-2 yrs Prevention by vaccine

77
Q

P. aeruginosa

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

blue-green pigment

hot tub folliculitis

78
Q

E. chaffeensis

A

Ehrlichiosis chaffeesis causes human monocytic ehrlichiosis

79
Q

M. genitalium, M. hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum

A

sexually active people non-gonococcal urethritis, cervicitis, PID

80
Q

Treponema

A

weak gram- spirochete Dx: cannot grow in vitro; RPR or VDRL tests, FTA-ABS, TPPA tests; dark field microscopy; Wasserman test Tx: penicillin G Prevention through condoms

81
Q

Yersinia

A

gram- bipolar staining coccobacilli

glucose fermenter

Dx: Sputum exam

Rx: Rapid tx w/ streptomycin

82
Q

B. cepacia

A

Burkholderia cepacia pulmonary infections in those with cystic fibrosis

83
Q

C. perfringens

A

Clostridium perfringens anaerobic mixed wound infections causes myonecrosis (exotoxins) -> gas gangrene

84
Q

Serratia

A

gram- rod

non-lactose fermenter

Dx: characteristic red pigment on McConkey agar

85
Q

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

A

gram- rod most non-fermentive oxidase+/-

86
Q

Mycobactericea

A

Rod-like to filamentous CMN group (mycolic acids) Cord factors inactivate mitochondrial membranes Dx: PPD, acid-fast (Ziehl-Neelsen) stain Tx: Isoniazid, rifampin Prevention through BCG vaccine

87
Q

E. faecalis and E. faecium

A

Enterococcus faecalis and faecium normal intestinal flora causes UTIs, bacteremia vancomycin resitance strain (VRE)

88
Q

N. gonorrhoeae (gonococcus)

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Fimbriae (pili) for attachment

LPS endotoxin

damage sexual or vaginal delivery transmission

Gonorrhea -> occasional PID, opthalmia neonatorum, DGI (arthritis in adults)

89
Q

Legionella

A

gram- bacilli

ubiquitous aquatic

hemolytic and some w/ exotoxins intracellular

Dx: BCYE agar

Rx: azithromycin for children and fluoroquinolones for adults Prevention through maintaining ACs

90
Q

B. melitensis

A

Brucella melitensis goat, sheep, camels Malta/undulant/Mediterranean fever

91
Q

Bartonnella

A

gram- pleomorphic bacilli oxidase- facultative parasite Dx: Giemsa stained blood smears Tx: macrolides, tetracyclines

92
Q

S. viridans

A

Streptococcus viridans dental caries, subacute endocarditis

93
Q

R. prowazekii

A

Rickettsia prowazekii epidemic typhus human to human via human body louse

94
Q

C. pneumoniae, strain TWAR

A

Chlamydia pneumonia Upper/lower respiratory tract infections

95
Q

Gram+ bacteria

A

thick peptideoglycan walls takes up and retains crystal violet stains

96
Q

Borrelia

A

gram- spirochete Dx: clinical pres Rx: doxycline, amoxicillin

97
Q

E. aerogenes

A

Enterobacter aerogenes nosocomial opportunistic infections

98
Q

M. leprae

A

Mycobacterium leprae Hansen’s disease tuberuloid (5 skin lesions; grown on footpads of armadillos)

99
Q

E. ewingii

A

Ehrlichiosis ewigii causes human ewingii ehrlichiosis

100
Q

Burkholderia

A

gram- rods

oxidase+

very hardy, so infection control a problem

Dx: culture

Tx: antibiotics (w/ some resistance)

101
Q

S. bovis/equinus

A

Streptococcus bovis/equinus GDS gamma or alpha hemolysis UTIs and endocarditis

102
Q

M. tuberculosis

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis airborne droplets

103
Q

Klebsiella

A

gram- bacilli

ferment lactose

Klebsiella granulomatis

Dx: red on McConkey’s agar culture

Tx: many antibiotics

104
Q

Y. enterocolitica/pseudotuberculosis

A

Yersinia entercolitica/pseudotuberculosis

contaminated food (meats) or water

self-limited ileitis, gastroenteritis, clinically looks like appendicitis

can also cause sepsis, metastatic disease, reactive polyarthropathy (AS)

105
Q

F. tularensis

A

Francisella tularensis Rabbit handling Tularemia: ulceroglandular or penumonic

106
Q

Enterococci

A

gram+ diplococci or short chains catalase- gama-hemolytic Dx: culture Tx: antibiotics (high resistance to ampicillin; possibly to vancomycin, aminoglycosides & others)

107
Q

B. quintana

A

Bartonella Quintana trench fever

108
Q

Tuberculosis

A

primary infection -> secondary infection Miliary TB (erodes into vessels) scrofula (non-pulmonary) Immunosuppressed: TB w/o granulomas

109
Q

B. fragilis

A

Bacteroides fragilis anti-phagocytic capsule

110
Q

Campylobacter jejuni

A

gram- curved rods

non-lactose fermenter

contaminated water, milk or undercooked foods (raw clams)

fever, headache, bloody and loose diarrhea, actute enteritis (pseudo-appendicitis)

associated with Guillan-Barre

Dx: “seagull” or “comma” shaped organisms in culture Tx: Early erythromycin tx

111
Q

S. marcescens

A

Serratia marcescens nosocomial respiratory and urinary tract infections

112
Q

Escherichia

A

gram- ferment lactos strains w/ K1 antigen -> neonatal meningitis causes UTIs, diarrhea

113
Q

Leptospira

A

Leptospira interrogans Leptospirosis Zoonosis (rats, mice, moles) -> mucosa/broken skin (leptospiremic phase) Acute onset of sx (anicteric leptospirosis) Weil disease (dysfunction of kidneys and liver) Dx: darkfield microscopy urine/blood Tx: doxycycline, ampicillin

114
Q

R. akari

A

Rickettsia akari pox from mice via mites

115
Q

Acinetobacter baumannii

A

gram- coccobacillus nosocomial infections or immunocompromised pts Dx: culture Rx: amikacin, minocylcine

116
Q

Neisseria

A

gram- “coffee bean” diplococci

Dx: culture (Thayer-Martin VCN lysed RBC media)

Tx: ceftriaxone + azithromycin due to resistant strains

117
Q

B. recurrentis

A

Borella recurrentis louse-born (epidemic) relapsing fever

118
Q

M. catarrhalis

A

Moraxella catarrhalis common cold, otitis media Dx: culture Tx: antibiotics (resistant to beta-lactams)

119
Q

K. pneumoniae

A

1 cause of nosocomial respiratory tract infections bacterial pneumonia and UTIs

Klebsiella pneumoniae

2nd to E. coli for causes of infection

often becomes ABX-resistant; ESBI and CRE

120
Q

C. trachomatis

A

Chlamydia trachomatis trachoma nongonoccocal urethritis, cervicitis, salpingitis, endometritis, PID, inclusion conjunctivitis lymphogranuloma venereum (small painless papule -> pustule)

121
Q

Pasteurella multicida

A

gram- coccobacilli Dx: clinical presentation and culture Tx: amoxicillin-clavulanate

122
Q

B. pertussis

A

Bordetella pertussis Whooping cough Staged: catarrhal -> paroxysmal -> convalescent Prevention through DTaP (x5) and TDaP

123
Q

Lactose fermenters

A

E. coli

Klebsiella

Enterobacter

Citrobacter (slow)

Serratia (slow)

Provedencia (slow)

124
Q

Non-lactose fermenters

A

Pseudomonas

Proteus

Acinetobacter

Stenotrophomonas

Moraxella

Shigella

Salmonella

Bordatella

Burkholderia

125
Q

Morganella morganii

A

Non lactose fermenter

inducible resistance so high generations cephalopsporins or carbapenums

abdominal infections, urine and elsewhere as common hospital infection

126
Q

V. parahaemolyticus

A

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

eating contaminated shell-fish

w/i 24 hrs: diarrhea (occ blood) with low grade fever, mild chills and headache in less than 50%

127
Q

V. vulnificans

A

Vibrio vulnificans

almost all oysters in Chesapeake bay and 10% crabs

cirrhotic

sepsis usually fatal (25%) within 48 hrs

128
Q

E. corrodens

A

Eikenella corrodens

‘human bite’

think of someone who punched another in the mouth (teeth contact) w/ nasty wound

129
Q

Xanthomonadaceae

A

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

colonizer to pathogen mainly in lung, post cardiac surgical wounds including freshly cracked sternums

Tx: Sulfa/TMP, resistant to carbapenums is a unique feature

RVUCOM TCM (2 decks)

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