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UCLMS Yr 1 Mod 2: Infection and Defence > Bacteria > Flashcards

Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure of a Bacteria (12)

A 
Flagellum
Basal Body
DNA coiled into nucleoid
Cell Wall
Capsule
Infolding of plasma membrane
Cytoplasmic inclusion
Pili
Plasma Membrane
Cytoplasm
Plasmid
70s Ribosomes
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2
Q

What are the 3 ways of classifying bacteria

A

Gram Stain
Shape
Taxonomy

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3
Q

What are the 4 phases of bacterial division by binary fission

A

Lag Phase
Logarithmic Phase
Stationary Phase
Death Phase

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4
Q

What are 7 ecological factors influencing flora

A 
Humidity
pH
Attachment/retention
oxygen tension
Host inhibitors
microbial inhibitors
nutrients
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5
Q

How is the gram stain performed

A

Crytal Violet Applied
Iodine Applied (fixation)
Methanol (Decolorisation)
Safranin (Counter Stain)

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6
Q

What colour do bacteria turn after the addition of crystal violet

A

Purple

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7
Q

What colour do bacteria turn after the addition of iodine in the gram stain

A

Remain Purple

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8
Q

What colour do Gram-Negative bacteria turn after the addition of alcohol

A

Colourless

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9
Q

What colour do gram-positive bacteria turn after the addition of alcohol

A

Remain purple

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10
Q

What colour do Gram positive bacteria become after the addition of the counter stain safranin

A

remain purple

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11
Q

What colour do gram-negative bacteria become after the addition of the counter stain safranin

A

Red

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12
Q

What are the three shapes of bacteria

A

Coccus/Cocci
Bacillus/Bacilli/Rods
Spirochetes

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13
Q

What are the three shapes of bacteria

A

Coccus/Cocci
Bacillus/Bacilli/Rods
Spirochetes

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14
Q

What is the name of a bacteria which requires oxygen

A

Obligate Microbe

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15
Q

What is the name of a bacteria which require reduced oxygen

A

Microaerophile

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16
Q

What is the name of the bacteria which require total absence of oxygen

A

Obligate Anaerobe

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17
Q

What is the name of a bacteria which are tolerant of oxygen level

A

facultative anaerobe

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18
Q

What is the name of the bacteria which require increased CO2

A

Capnophile

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19
Q

What are 2 examples of Gram-positive Cocci

A

Streptococci

Staphylococci

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20
Q

What is an example of Gram-Positive Rod

A

Listeria

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21
Q

What is an example of Gram-negative cocci

A

Neisseria

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22
Q

What is an example of Gram-negative rods

A

Enterobacteria (e.g. Escherichia)

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23
Q

what is a description of the Cell Wall of the Gram-Positive Bacteria

A

Thick murein layer protects against desiccation but is susceptible to penicillins

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24
Q

What is the difference between Staphylococcus and Streptococcus

A

Staph found in clusters

Strep found in chains/pairs

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25
What is an example of a coagulase-positive Staph
Staph. Aureus
26
What are 3 examples of Coagulase-negative Staph
Epidermis Haemolyticus Capitis
27
What is the difference between Coagulase positive and negative bacteria
Coagulase Positive has a grainy look, with darker blue patches sprinkled on a light blue background Coagulase Negative have a smooth look with a gradient of blue, darker towards the middle
28
What are 3 subclasses of Step. Bacteria
Alpha, Beta and Gamma Haemolytic
29
What does Beta Haemolysis look like
Large haemolytic activity with obvious signs of haemolysis
30
What does Alpha Haemolysis look like
Less obvious than Beta Haemolysis, but still with pronounced haemolysis
31
What does Gamma haemolysis look like
Very little haemolytic activity, but still present nonetheless
32
What Bacteria are Beta Haemolytic (1)
Group A Strep.
33
What bacteria are Alpha Haemolytic (1)
Strep. viridanse
34
What bacteria are gamma haemolytic (1)
Endocroccus
35
Which Gram-positive bacteria are sporing (2)
Bacillus | Clostridium
36
Which Gram-Positive rods are non-sporing
Listeria | Propronibacterium
37
What is a description of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria
The Cell wall is more complex with an inner and outer membrane separated by periplasm and thin later of murein
38
Which part of the Gram-Negative bacteria releases antibiotics
Porins
39
What are three subclasses of Gram-Negative Bacteria
Rods Curved Rods Diplococci
40
Why is the gram stain unhelpful when identifying mycobacterium
thick lipid-rich cell wall
41
What technique can be used to identify mycobacterium
Using a fluorochrome stain, and viewing under a microscope with ultraviolet light
42
Which stain can be used on a mycobacterium
Ziehl-Neelsen Stain
43
How is the Ziehl-Neelsen stain performed
Heat to allow stain to penetrate cell wall Decolourising with acid and then counterstaining Acid Fast Bacilli (AFBs) are visible
44
What are the smallest organisms capable of growth on a cell-free medium
Mycoplasmas
45
What do Mycoplasmas lack
A rigid cell wall
46
Which bacterium is in the commensal flora of the Nose (nares)
Staph. Aureus
47
Which bacterium is in the commensal flora of the Skin
Staph. Epidermidis
48
Which bacterium is in the commensal flora of the Upper Respiratory tract
Strep. Pneumoniae
49
Which bacterium is in the commensal flora of the Gut
Escherichia Coli
50
Which bacterium is in the commensal flora of the gut and vagina
Anaerobes
51
How do commensal bacteria cause disease
Move from the commensal area into a different location
52
Which bacteria are never commensal and what do they cause (4)
Strep. Pyogenes - Group A Strep Neisseria Gonorrhoea - Gonorrhoea Bordetella Pertussis - Whooping Cough Mycobacterium Tuberculosis - TB
53
Which bacteria is a typical opportunistic pathogen (causes disease in hospitalised/compromised)
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
54
What is a Primary Pathogen
Inherent Ability to breach host defences
55
What is an opportunistic Pathogen
Require underlying defect or altercation in host defences
56
What is a polymicrobial infection
Multiple pathogens working together facilitating each others survival
57
What are 3 ways microorganisms can gain access to the body
Motility - Flaggeli Chemotaxis - Chemicals that guide bacteria by electrostatic and vdw forces Adhesions
58
How do bacteria evade the body's defences (4)
Protein A - binds to the constant region of the antibody (IgG), nullifying the effect Toxic Shock Syndrom Toxins Coagulase - Produce Clots Biofilm formation - Bacteria join together, with outer layer highly resistant to antibiotics, protecting bacteria
59
What type of bacteria produces endotoxins
Gram-Negative Bacteria
60
What is endotoxin
Lipid A moiety in the lipopolysaccharide of Gram-Negative organisms
61
Which cytokines does Lipid A stimulate
IL1 and TNF
62
What does a Cytokine Storm Result in
Multiple Organ Failure
63
What are 2 types of exotoxins and what do they target
Shiga Toxin - Destroys ribosomes | Diphtheria Toxin - Cause damage to pharynx, myocardium and axons
64
What does Phage encoded mean
encoded by a virus in a bacteria
65
What do enterotoxins cause
Overactivity of secretory mechanisms
66
What do neurotoxins do
interferons with neurotransmitter activity
67
How do superantigens work
Bind on the outside of the MHC-TCR complex, causing huge cytokine storm
68
What is an example of a superantigen (1)
Strep. Pyogenic exotoxin
69
What is the chemical structure of endotoxin
Lipopolysaccharide
70
What is the pathogenesis of rheumatic fever
Immunopathology
71
What is an antibiotic
A substance produced by microorganisms that in small amounts inhibits the growth of another microbe
72
What are the Antimicrobial mechanisms of action (5)
``` Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibition of protein synthesis Injury to the plasma membrane Inhibition of DNA/RNA synthesis Inhibition of essential metabolites ```
73
How do Beta-Lactams work
Inhibit enzymes involved in cell wall assembly
74
What are the three groups of beta lactams
Penicillins Cephalosporins Carbapenems
75
What are 2 types of glycopeptides
Transglycosylase | Transpeptidase
76
How do macrolides work
Prevent fMet and Arg from coming together
77
How do Quinolones work
Prevent bacterial DNA from supercoiling
78
Which is the Enzyme which supercoild Bacterial DNA
DNA gyrase
79
What are the 3 influences on drug efficacy
Distribution Metabolism Excretion
80
What are the 5 safety concerns with the use of antimicrobials
``` Toxicity Interactions with other medications Hypersensitivity Foetal Damage/risk to pregnant women Antibiotic Resistance ```
81
How do genetic resistances come about in bacteria (3)
Acquisition of DNA Alteration of DNA Loss of DNA
82
What are resistant mechanisms in bacteria (4)
Altered Target site bypass pathways decreased uptake through reduced penetration or increased efflux Enzymatic inactivation or modification
83
Why is it disadvantageous in the absence of antibiotic pressure for resistant bacteria (4)
additional proteins loss of transport pathways additional energy expenditure less efficient enzymes/pathways
84
What si the site of action for beta-lactams
Cell Wall - transglycosylases and transpeptidases involved in peptidoglycan biosynthesis
85
What is the action of beta-lactamases
Beta-lactamases hydrolyse Beta-lactam antibiotics, rendering them inactive
86
What are the main sites of gentamicin (2)
Nephrotoxicity | Ototoxicity
87
What are the main reservoirs for pathogens (5)
``` Humans Animals Surfaces Water Air ```
88
What is the name of pathogens which have an animal reservoir
Zoonoses
89
What are the main forms of transmission (8)
``` Inhalation Ingestion Inoculation Contact Sexual Transplacental Vector Borne Blood Transfusion and other iatrogenic modes ```
90
Which mucosal surface is sterile in a healthy person
Bladder
91
Which are common zoonosis (1)
Lyme disease

UCLMS Yr 1 Mod 2: Infection and Defence (7 decks)

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