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UCLMS Yr 1 Mod 2: Infection and Defence > Allergy > Flashcards

Allergy Flashcards

1
Q

What is Hypersensitivity

A

Damage to the host arises from the immune response.

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2
Q

What is Allergy

A

Hypersensitivity resulting from innocuous stimuli

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3
Q

What are causes for hypersensitivity (2)

A

Allergy

Autoimmunity

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4
Q

What are the 6 types of hypersensitivity

A 
Type I
Type II
Type III
Type IV
Type V
Innate
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5
Q

What is the immediate mechanism of Type 1 Hypersensitivity (4)

A

IgE Produced
Fce RI (epsilon) binds IgE
IgE binds to allergen
Degranulation

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6
Q

What are the inflammatory mediators released during degranulation of Type 1 hypersensitivity (5)

A 
histamine
serotonin
TNFa (alpha)
Prostoglandins
Leukotruienes
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7
Q

What is the long term action of type 1 hypersensitivity (2)

A

Th2 cells activate mast cells and release IL4 and IL13 which activate B cells
B cells produce IgE, which joins mast cells in the epithelium and endothelium

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8
Q

What are common examples of type 1 hypersensitivity (4)

A

URT: Rhinitis, Hay Fever
LRT: Asthma
Skin: Allergic eczema
Systemic: Peanuts

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9
Q

Why is peanuts allergy systemic

A

IgE Produced everywhere in the body

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10
Q

What is the hygienic hypothesis (2)

A

A clean environment reduces the exposure to environmental bacteria, offsetting the balance of Th1 and Th2 cells
Causes a larger Th2 cell response, and allergies

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11
Q

What are treatment options for Type 1 Hypersensitivity

A

Allergen Avoidance
Pharmacotherapy
Immunotherapy

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12
Q

What is a summery for type 2 hypersensitivity

A

Cytotoxic antibody against cell surface antigens

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13
Q

What is a unique to type 2 hypersensitivity

A

Complement activated

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14
Q

What are examples of type 2 hypersensitivity

A

transplantation
Haemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
Streptococcal endocarditis
Autoimmune diseases, Goodpasture’s syndrome

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15
Q

How does haemolytic disease of the newborn happen

A

RhD+ baby causes bleed in RhD- mother
Mother produces IgG Anti-D against Rh+ 2nd baby
Antibody crosses from mother to baby, introducing the IgG into the baby

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16
Q

What is an example of type V hypersensitivity

A

Graves Disease

17
Q

How does Type III hypersensitivity work

A

The antibody binds to antigen in the blood
Complex forms, causing a blockage in the vessel
Neutrophil comes to break up immune complex, causing inflammation and clotting

18
Q

What is an example of type III hypersensitivity

A

Farmers Lung

19
Q

How does Type IV hypersensitivity work (3)

A

Peptide-MHC binds with TCR on Th1 cell
Th1 cell releases cytokines, activating macrophage
Macrophage releases TNF and Interferon y (gamma) which further activate macrophages

20
Q

How long does it take for a type IV hypersensitivity to form

A

Hours

21
Q

What causes the swelling in a Mantoux test

A

macrophages

22
Q

What has over activation of macrophages been associated with (3)

A

Atherosclerosis
Alzheimer’s
type II Diabetes

23
Q

What are the 3 types of graft rejection and their time frames

A

Hyperacute - Minutes
Acute - Several days to a few weeks
Chronic - months to years

24
Q

What is the cause of hyper acute graft rejection

A

Pre-existing antibodies to blood groups or to MHC by pre-sensitisation

25
Q

What is the mechanism of hyperacute graft rejections

A

Type II hypersensitivity against blood vessel epithelium and erythrocytes

26
Q

What is the cause of acute Graft Rejection

A

Lymphocyte activation

27
Q

What is the mechanism of acute graft rejection

A

Type II hypersensitivity and type IV hypersensitivity

28
Q

What drives rejection by both recognition and indirect recognition

A

The polymorphic nature of the beta chain on the MHC

29
Q

Which are the alleles which must be expressed for transplants to be matched

A

HLA Alleles 74 and 2

30
Q

What 3 immunosuppressants can be given to effectively control acute rejection

A

Tacrolimus
Cyclosporine
Rapamycine

UCLMS Yr 1 Mod 2: Infection and Defence (7 decks)

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