Allergy Flashcards

1
Q

What is Hypersensitivity

A

Damage to the host arises from the immune response.

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2
Q

What is Allergy

A

Hypersensitivity resulting from innocuous stimuli

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3
Q

What are causes for hypersensitivity (2)

A

Allergy

Autoimmunity

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4
Q

What are the 6 types of hypersensitivity

A
Type I
Type II
Type III
Type IV
Type V
Innate
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5
Q

What is the immediate mechanism of Type 1 Hypersensitivity (4)

A

IgE Produced
Fce RI (epsilon) binds IgE
IgE binds to allergen
Degranulation

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6
Q

What are the inflammatory mediators released during degranulation of Type 1 hypersensitivity (5)

A
histamine
serotonin
TNFa (alpha)
Prostoglandins
Leukotruienes
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7
Q

What is the long term action of type 1 hypersensitivity (2)

A

Th2 cells activate mast cells and release IL4 and IL13 which activate B cells
B cells produce IgE, which joins mast cells in the epithelium and endothelium

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8
Q

What are common examples of type 1 hypersensitivity (4)

A

URT: Rhinitis, Hay Fever
LRT: Asthma
Skin: Allergic eczema
Systemic: Peanuts

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9
Q

Why is peanuts allergy systemic

A

IgE Produced everywhere in the body

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10
Q

What is the hygienic hypothesis (2)

A

A clean environment reduces the exposure to environmental bacteria, offsetting the balance of Th1 and Th2 cells
Causes a larger Th2 cell response, and allergies

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11
Q

What are treatment options for Type 1 Hypersensitivity

A

Allergen Avoidance
Pharmacotherapy
Immunotherapy

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12
Q

What is a summery for type 2 hypersensitivity

A

Cytotoxic antibody against cell surface antigens

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13
Q

What is a unique to type 2 hypersensitivity

A

Complement activated

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14
Q

What are examples of type 2 hypersensitivity

A

transplantation
Haemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
Streptococcal endocarditis
Autoimmune diseases, Goodpasture’s syndrome

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15
Q

How does haemolytic disease of the newborn happen

A

RhD+ baby causes bleed in RhD- mother
Mother produces IgG Anti-D against Rh+ 2nd baby
Antibody crosses from mother to baby, introducing the IgG into the baby

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16
Q

What is an example of type V hypersensitivity

A

Graves Disease

17
Q

How does Type III hypersensitivity work

A

The antibody binds to antigen in the blood
Complex forms, causing a blockage in the vessel
Neutrophil comes to break up immune complex, causing inflammation and clotting

18
Q

What is an example of type III hypersensitivity

A

Farmers Lung

19
Q

How does Type IV hypersensitivity work (3)

A

Peptide-MHC binds with TCR on Th1 cell
Th1 cell releases cytokines, activating macrophage
Macrophage releases TNF and Interferon y (gamma) which further activate macrophages

20
Q

How long does it take for a type IV hypersensitivity to form

21
Q

What causes the swelling in a Mantoux test

A

macrophages

22
Q

What has over activation of macrophages been associated with (3)

A

Atherosclerosis
Alzheimer’s
type II Diabetes

23
Q

What are the 3 types of graft rejection and their time frames

A

Hyperacute - Minutes
Acute - Several days to a few weeks
Chronic - months to years

24
Q

What is the cause of hyper acute graft rejection

A

Pre-existing antibodies to blood groups or to MHC by pre-sensitisation

25
What is the mechanism of hyperacute graft rejections
Type II hypersensitivity against blood vessel epithelium and erythrocytes
26
What is the cause of acute Graft Rejection
Lymphocyte activation
27
What is the mechanism of acute graft rejection
Type II hypersensitivity and type IV hypersensitivity
28
What drives rejection by both recognition and indirect recognition
The polymorphic nature of the beta chain on the MHC
29
Which are the alleles which must be expressed for transplants to be matched
HLA Alleles 74 and 2
30
What 3 immunosuppressants can be given to effectively control acute rejection
Tacrolimus Cyclosporine Rapamycine