Background and Historical Perspectives Flashcards
Who is considered a pioneer in modern computing and AI?
Alan Turing.
What is the Turing Test designed for?
To distinguish machines from humans.
Name one of the first general-purpose computers.
ENIAC (Electronic Numeric Integrator and Computer).
What replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation of computers?
Transistors
Q5: What is Moore’s Law?
The number of transistors in a chip doubles every two years.
What network served as the basis for the modern internet?
ARPANET.
Name the programming languages that emerged during the third generation of computers.
BASIC and Pascal.
What was the first chatbot and what did it do?
ELIZA; it identified input keywords to generate responses.
What was the significance of the Intel 4040 microprocessor?
It was the first microprocessor with the ability to execute binary instructions.
When were smartphones introduced, and what are they?
In 2009; devices integrating mobile phone and computer capabilities.
What was the Phoenix (or Bombe) used for?
Deciphering the Nazi Enigma machine.
What concept did the Turing Machine introduce?
Understanding any formal language.
What is the difference in between informal and formal languages
A natural or everyday language used for casual communication vs A precisely defined system of symbols and rules used for computation, reasoning, or conveying unambiguous meaning.
What was the purpose of vacuum valves?
To manipulate electric signals in a low-pressure environment.
What were Mercury Tubes and Magnetic Drums used for?
Memory storage
Who designed the first perceptron?
Frank Rosenblatt.
What is a perceptron
An artificial neuron, and thus a neural network unit. It performs computations to detect features or patterns in the input data. It is an algorithm for supervised learning of binary classifiers. It is this algorithm that allows artificial neurons to learn and process features in a data set.
What were Mainframes also known as?
Irons.
What high-level programming language emerged during The second Generation?
Fortran
During what years did the First Generation take place?
1940–1957
During what years did the Second Generation take place?
1958-1964
During what years did the Third Generation take place?
1965-1971
During what years did the Fourth Generation take place?
1971-1981
During what years did the Fifth Generation take place?
1981-1995
During what years did the Sixth Generation take place?
1995-Present
What were integrated circuits composed of?
Encapsulated transistors.
What was Shakey the robot capable of?
Reasoning its actions.
What is a microprocessor?
An integrated circuit capable of executing binary instructions.
Which operating system was based on modular design?
Unix
What programming language introduced object-oriented concepts?
C++
What were Personal Computers powered by?
Microprocessors in the CPU chip.
Name a new service enabled by the Internet during the Fifth Generation
Email or e-commerce.
What was HTML developed for?
Hypertext Markup for the web.
What operating system was launched in 1995 with a user-friendly interface?
Windows 95
When were smartphones introduced?
2009
Name a supercomputer capable of defeating chess champions.
IBM’s Deep Blue
What is a significant feature of quantum computers?
They employ Qubits
Name an artificial intelligence-based robot for daily tasks.
Roomba
What did AlphaGo achieve?
Defeated world champion in Go
What is MS-DOS?
Microsoft Disk Operative System, based on OS QDOS
What is the Internet?
decentralized conjunction of interconnected networks that spreads applications and services world wide
Neocognitron
artificial network for image recognition
In which generation was the Neocognitron proposed?
Fifth Generation
What general purpose language was introduced in the Fifth generation
Python
