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Year 1 Anatomy > Back And Spine > Flashcards

Back And Spine Flashcards

1
Q

How many vertebrae do we have?

A

33

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2
Q

Why is the back important for muscles?

A

It’s the attachments site for various muscles including head, thorax, limbs and hips

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3
Q

Why are the 2 types of back muscles?

A

Intrinsic and extrinsic

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4
Q

What are extrinsic muscles?

A

Upper limb movement and respiration (serratus muscles)

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5
Q

What are intrinsic group of muscles?

A

Superficial intermediate and deep layers
Needed for posture (erect orspinae)

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6
Q

What are bilateral muscles?

A

Muscles on both sides of our body based on the midline

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7
Q

What muscle type do flexion or extension in the back?

A

Bilateral

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8
Q

What do unilateral back muscles do?

A

Rotation

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9
Q

What muscles are anterior to the spine?

A
  • Rectus abdomens
  • psoas Major
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10
Q

What muscles are responsible for extension at the back?

A

Erector spinae

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11
Q

What is responsible for rotation in the back muscles?

A

Muscles with oblique fibres

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12
Q

What muscles are needed for lateral flexion?

A

Erector spinae
External and internal oblique

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13
Q

Describe the structure of the erector spinae?

A

It is a long back muscle which split up into 3 muscles
It’s the chief extensor (bilaterally)
And it rotates (unilaterally)

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14
Q

How does ageing affect the vertebral column?

A

-dehydration of nucleus purpulous as re absorption isn’t good enough
- the elastic fibres in the intervertebral discs decreased hence shock absorption is reduced

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15
Q

Why do old people have difficulty bending?

A

The intervertebral discs are too close with each other due to lack of water

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16
Q

How does the bone change with age?

A

Develops bony spurs around vertebrae

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17
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

The thickness of spongy bone in the vertebrae reduces mainly due to the decrease of calcium reabsorption.
Its common after menopause

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18
Q

What is the lumbosacral angle?

A

Angle formed between the sacral vertebral region and the lumbar vertebral region
Can cause back pain if in abnormal regions

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19
Q

Why is there only significant movement the superior 25 vertebrae?

A

Because the sacrum and coccyx is fused

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20
Q

Why do sacral vertebrates have smaller bodies?

A

Because the weight is placed on the pelvic girdle

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21
Q

What is lordosis?

A

-secondary
- cervical and lumbar
- concave

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22
Q

What is kyphosis?

A
  • Primary
    -thoracic and sacral
  • convex
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23
Q

Which curvature is more pronounced in women and why?

A

Lumbar curvature

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24
Q

Which curvature is less prominent in women?

A

The sacral curvature is reduced so the coccyx protrudes less into the birth canal

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25
Q

What does a typical vertebrae have?

A

Vertebral body
Vertebral arch
7 processes

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26
Q

What makes the intervertebral foramen?

A

The superior and inferior vertebral notches

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27
Q

What is the shape of the thoracic vertebrae body ?

A

Heart shaped body

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28
Q

What are the 7 processes?

A

One spinous process
2 transverse processes
2 Inferior articular processes
2 superior articular processes

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29
Q

What do the articular processes do?

A

Allow for vertebral movement using facet joints

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30
Q

What do the other processes do?

A

Act as insertions and attachments for back muscles

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31
Q

Which vertebrae has what special spinous process?

A

The cervical one have a bifid spinous process

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32
Q

Describe the vertebral foramen of cervical vertebrae

A

Large and triangular

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33
Q

What is C7 called?

A

Vertebra prominens

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34
Q

Which cervical vertebrae have a bifid process?

A

C3 to C5

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35
Q

What extra foramen distinguishes cervical vertebrae from others?

A

Foramen transversarium

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36
Q

What are 3 distinct characteristics of atlas ?

A

Superior articular facets are concave to hold the skull
No spinous process
Overall ring shape

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37
Q

What is the distinct feature of the axis?

A

The dens at the anterior of the vertebrae

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38
Q

How do the body of cervical, vertebrae look?

A

Like a rectangle. Long not wide

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39
Q

How does the thoracic vertebrae differ?

A

It has a long spinous process
The articular process goes vertically sharply
Round vertebral foramen

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40
Q

What are distinguishable characteristics of the lumbar vertebrae?

A

Short, broad and sturdy spinous process
Long slender transverse process

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41
Q

Why is there hyaline around our vertebral body?

A

It’s from the remains of the cartilaginous model

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42
Q

What shape is vertebral foramen in the thoracic level?

A

Circular

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43
Q

How does the sacrum provide stability ?

A

Transmits the body weight onto the pelvic girdle

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44
Q

What is the sacral promontory?

A

The edge of the body of the sacrum (anterior)

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45
Q

What is median sacral crest

A

Fused spinous process

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46
Q

What are intermediate sacral crests ?

A

Fused articular processses

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47
Q

What are lateral sacral crests.

A

Fused transverse processes

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48
Q

Where is dislocation of the vertebrae uncommon?

A

Thoracic and lumbar

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49
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Net demineralisation of bones due to issue with calcium reabsorption and deposition.

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50
Q

Osteoporosis affects mainly spongy bone. True or False

A

True. It makes cortical bone look more apparent

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51
Q

Who most commonly has osteoporosis?

A

Post menopausal women

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52
Q

What and where are the important vertebrae levels we need to know?

A

C7 - lower neck
T3 - spine of scapula
T7 - inferior angle of scapula
L4 - iliac crest

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53
Q

What is C7?

A

Vertebra prominens

54
Q

Where are the sacral dimples?

A

S2

55
Q

Where does the supraspinous ligament run from across what vertebrae?

A

C7 to L3/4

56
Q

What are the 2 joints between vertebrae

A

Symphyses between vertebral bodies
And synovial planar joint between facet joints

57
Q

What do IV discs do?

A

Act as a shock absorber and allows movement between vertebrae

58
Q

What are the parts of the in disc?

A

Annulus fibrosus
Nucleus pulposus

59
Q

What is an annulus fibrosus?

A

Rings of concentric fibrocartilage around the nucleus pulposus

60
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus?

A

Mostly water with elastin and proteoglycans
Get compressed during movements

61
Q

What happens to the nucleus pulposus with age?

A

The nucleus pulposus dehydrates
Loses elastin and proteoglycans
Gains collagen

62
Q

What happens with the annulus fibrosus as we age?

A

It bears more weight and developes fissures and cavities

63
Q

The nucleus pulposus is avascular. True or false

A

True
It gets its nutrients from peripheral vessels from the annulus fibrosus

64
Q

Where is there no IV disc?

A

Between C1 and C2

65
Q

Where are Iv discs most uniform?

A

Thoracic region

66
Q

Where are the thickest IV discs?

A

Lumbar region for maximum movement

67
Q

What are the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Covers the bodies of the vertebraes

68
Q

What are the posterior longitudinal ligaments?

A

Weaker ligament which runs by the back of the bodies

69
Q

What is the other name for facet joints?

A

Zygapophysial joints

70
Q

What are ligamentum flavum?

A

Laminae of adjacent vertebrae are joined by ligaments

71
Q

What are interspinous ligaments?

A

The ligaments connecting spinous process by the length

72
Q

What are supraspinous ligaments?

A

They are ligaments which connect the vertebrae by the tips

73
Q

What types of joints are in the Atlanta axial joint?

A

Pivot or planar

74
Q

How are the facets orientated in the lumbar region?

A

Sagittally oreintated

75
Q

What motion is permitted by the lumbar vertebrae?

A

Flexion and extension but not rotation
Lateral flexion

76
Q

Where does lateral flexion happen the most?

A

Cervical and lumbar regions

77
Q

What movement do thoracic vertebrae have?

A

Rotation and lateral flexion as they have thin IV discs

78
Q

Cervical vertebrae have thin IV discs.
True or False

A

False
They have thick ones like the lumbar region

79
Q

Why does the nucleus pulposus herniate postereolaterally ?

A

The presence of anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
The annulus fibrosus is relatively thin

80
Q

Where are herniations most common?

A

Lumbar region

81
Q

How can you tell there is a herniation in the lumbar region?

A

Increased ossification by osteophytes or herniated lumbar compressed on spinal root which causes lower back pain which radiates down to the thigh and leg

82
Q

Why is a rupture in the transverse ligament of the atlas bad?

A

If it frees the dens is driven into the top of the spinal cord and the brain stem

83
Q

How do the bodies of aged vertebrae look like?

A

Concave

84
Q

What are osteophytes?

A

They are small smooth bumps on the vertebrae which affect the joint happens during arthritis

85
Q

How can you tell what type of back pain it is?

A

Pain on the skin is problem with the nerves
Pain from within the back is a muscle joint or fibroskeletal problem

86
Q

Where does the spinal cord end in children?

A

L2/3

87
Q

Where does the spinal cord end for adults?

A

L1/2

88
Q

What is the end of the spinal cord called?

A

Conus medullaris

89
Q

What is the highest and lowest the conus medullaris can go?

A

T12 and L3

90
Q

Where is the spinal cord enlarged?

A

Cervical enlargement
Lumbosacral enlargement

91
Q

Where is the cervical enlargement?

A

C4 to T1

92
Q

Why is there a cervical enlargement?

A

Brachial plexus

93
Q

Where is the lumbosacral region?

A

Extends from L1 to S3

94
Q

Why is there a lumbosacral enlargements ?

A

Lumbar and sacral plexus for legs
Forms the cauda equina

95
Q

Where does the cauda equina start?

A

Inferior to the conus medullaris from the subarachnoid space

96
Q

How many spinal nerves do we have ?

A

31 pairs

97
Q

What is in the anterior horns of gray matter?

A

Cell bodies of somatic axons

98
Q

What is filum terminale internum?

A

It is the part of the filum terminale that is inside the dural sac

99
Q

What is the vertebral canal ?

A

It is in the vertebral column where the posterior and anterior roots become a spinal mixed nerve

100
Q

What does the filum terminale do?

A

It anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx

101
Q

Where does the filum terminale start?

A

End of conus medullaris

102
Q

Where does the conus medullaris start?

A

L1

103
Q

What are the layers of the meninges?

A

Pia
Arachnoid
Dura

104
Q

What is the epidural space?

A

Space between the dura and vertebrae

105
Q

Where does the dural sac end?

A

S2

106
Q

What are dural root sheaths ?

A

Dura matter covering the spinal nerves by blending into the epineurium and the IV foramina.

107
Q

What a particular structure do the arachnoid layer have?

A

They have arachnoid trabeculae which holds and suspends the layers in the spinal cord and holds the brain

108
Q

What holds up the spinal cord?

A

Arachnoid trabeculae
Denticulate ligaments

109
Q

Where are lumbar punctures taken from?

A

Subarachnoid

110
Q

Why would someone inject the epidural space?

A

For anaesthesia to work quickly

111
Q

Where are epidural usually given?

A

Sacral region

112
Q

What are our external muscles types in the back?

A

Superficial and intermediate

113
Q

What are the intrinsic back muscles?

A

The deep ones

114
Q

How are the superficial back muscles innervated?

A

Anterior rami of cervical nerves because they act on the upper limbs

115
Q

Give examples of superficial extrinsic back muscles

A

Trapezius
Latissimus Dorsi
Levator scapulae
Rhomboid

116
Q

Give examples of intermediate extrinsic back muscles

A

Serratus posterior

117
Q

How are intrinsic back muscles innervated?

A

Posterior rami

118
Q

What do you intrinsic back muscles do?

A

Maintain posture and control movements of the vertebral column

119
Q

Give examples of intrinsic back muscles

A

Erector spinae

120
Q

How many sections are the erector spinae split into?

A

3

121
Q

What are the origins of the erector spinae ?

A

They attach to the sacrum iliac crease or lower lumbar region

122
Q

Where do the back muscles insert?

A

The ribs

123
Q

What causes flexion of the head?

A

Sternocleidomastoid

124
Q

What causes flexion?

A

Rectus abdominus
Psoas major

125
Q

What causes extension?

A

Erector spinae
Gluteus maximus

126
Q

What causes lateral flexion?

A

Serratus anterior
Rhomboid
Unilateral of erector spinae
Oblique muscles
Glutes

127
Q

What prevents hyperextension?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

128
Q

What prevents hyper flexion?

A

Posterior longitudinal ligaments

129
Q

What does Serratus anterior do?

A

Elevates the scalpula

130
Q

What does the Serratus posterior do?

A

Respiration

131
Q

What is the muscle origin?

A

The fixed attachment of the muscle
More medial

132
Q

How long is the sympathetic chain. (where does it start and end)

A

C1 to Co1

Year 1 Anatomy (5 decks)

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