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Anatomy > Back > Flashcards

Back Flashcards

1
Q

Attachments of the erector spinae muscles

A
  • medial crest of sacrum
  • supraspinous ligament
  • to back of iliac crest and lateral crest of sacrum to ribs & vertebrae
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2
Q

action of the erector spinae muscle

A

Extension of Vertebral column

Lateral flexion

Head extension

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3
Q

innervation of erector spinae

A

posterior ramus of spinal nerves

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4
Q

what muscles are involved in flexion

A

External/internal oblique (working together), rectus abdominis, psoas major/minor, sternocleidomastoid (working together).

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5
Q

what back muscles are involved in extension

A

Erector spinae, trapezius, quadratus lumborum.

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6
Q

muscles involved in lateral flexion

A

Trapezius, erector spinae, quadratus lumborum, external oblique, internal oblique.

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7
Q

define kyphosis

A

Kyphosis- over-curvature of the thoracic vertebrae.

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8
Q

define lordosis

A

Lordosis- excessive anterior convexity of the cervical and/or lumbar spine.

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9
Q

define scoliosis

A

Scoliosis- lateral curvature of the spine.

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10
Q

which sections of the spine have natural lordotic curvature

A

cervical and lumbar

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11
Q

which sections of the spone have a natural kyphotic curvature

A

Thoracic and sacral

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12
Q

why is the spine curved?

A

To help maintain balance in standing and sitting and help with movement and weight distribution

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13
Q

attachments of the nuchal ligament to the skull and the cervical vertebrae

A

Extends from the external occipital protuberance and median nuchal line to the spinous process of C7.

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14
Q

what are the functions of the nuchal ligament

A

Sustain the weight of the head.

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15
Q

Why might an obstetrician be interested in the nuchal ligament of a foetus?

A

The obstetrician checks nuchal ligament via ultrasound to identify any abnormal developments e.g. translucency shown with downs syndrome

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16
Q

what movement stretches the anterior longitudinal ligament

A

extension

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17
Q

why is the posterior longitudinal ligament thicker in the thoracic region

A

Attenuate posterior forces due to kyphosis.

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18
Q

why is the ligamentum flavum yellow?

A

elastin

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19
Q

what does the ligamentum flavum connect

A

lamina of adjacent vertebrae

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20
Q

function of the cruciform ligament

A

Restrains posterior movement of odontoid process.

21
Q

function of alar ligaments of the axis

A

Limit side-to-side movements of the head when it is turned.

22
Q

In herniation of the intervertebral disc (slipped disc), in which direction does the nucleus pulposus extrude?

A

Posterolateral owing to the presence of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the spinal canal and anterior collapse of vertebrae (wedging due to osteoporosis).

23
Q

Which disc is most commonly affected by disc herniation? Why is this?

A

Lumbar: between L4-L5 or between L5-Sacrum. Weight of the body and propensity for anterior wedge fractures.

24
Q

Why are we taller in the morning than when we went to bed?

A

During the day our cartilage slowly compresses taking a lot of force, when we rest it returns to its normal state.

25
Q

Why are fractures typically common between T12-L1?

A

Compression fractures due to osteoporosis

26
Q

L4/L5 disc herniation can produce what neurological problem?

A

Sciatica

27
Q

At what vertebral level does the spinal cord terminate?

A

L1, L2 as the Conus

Medullaris.

28
Q

At what level does it terminate in the neonate?

A

Upper border of L3

29
Q

define strain

A

stretching or tearing of ligaments

30
Q

define disc prolapse

A

when the outer fibres of the intervertebral disc are injured, and the soft material known as the nucleus pulposus, ruptures out of its enclosed space.

31
Q

define spondylosis

A

degenerative process affecting the vertebral disc and facet joints that gradually develops with age. Degeneration of vertebral column

32
Q

define radiculopathy

A

describes a range of symptoms produced by the pinching of a nerve root in the spinal column. Damage to the spinal nerves as they exit the roots.

33
Q

define spondylolysis

A

is a crack or stress fracture in one of the vertebrae

34
Q

define spondylolisthesis

A

the fractured pars interarticularis separates, allowing the injured vertebra to shift or slip forward on the vertebra directly below it. Basic- displaced vertebra

35
Q

define spondylitis

A

Inflammation of one or more of the vertebrae of the spine.

36
Q

what is spinal stenosis

A

A narrowing of spinal canal e.g. due to osteoarthritis – symptoms – leg heaviness and aching on walking (spinal claudication)

37
Q

symptoms of spinal stenosis

A

cramp in thigh or leg on walking, worse walking downhill or standing associated with back pain

38
Q

signs of spinal stenosis

A

pain on straight leg raise and back extension – often no neuro symptoms

39
Q

red flags for back pain

A 
Bladder/Bowel changes
Fever
Weight loss 
Previous cancer 
Perianal anaethesia
Pulsatile abdominal mass
Progressive neurological deficit
40
Q

causes of vertebral collapse

A

Trauma, osteoporosis, tumour

41
Q

signs and symptoms of vertebral collapse

A

Sudden onset back pain, mild trauma. Central Signs & symptoms: vertebral tenderness, reduced mobility

42
Q

causes of cauda equina

A

Central disc prolapse, tumour, abscess/TB haematoma, trauma

43
Q

signs and symptoms of cauda equina

A

Urinary incontinence or retention, faecal incontinence, bilateral weakness and pain – important to remember to catheterise
Reduced perianal sensation (saddle), reduced anal tone, bilateral absent ankle reflexes
Read around further for management and investigations

44
Q

causes of cord compression

A

Tumour, abscess/TB trauma central disc prolapse

45
Q

signs of cord compression

A
  • Continuous shooting pains, faecal incontinence, urinary retention
46
Q

define osteopenia

A

is decreased bone mass. Two metabolic bone diseases decrease bone mass: osteoporosis and osteomalacia.

47
Q

causes of osteomalacia

A

. Osteomalacia is due to impaired mineralization, usually because of severe vitamin D deficiency or abnormal vitamin D metabolism (see Vitamin D). Osteomalacia can be caused by disorders that interfere with vitamin D absorption (eg, celiac disease) and by certain drugs (eg, phenytoin, phenobarbital).

48
Q

define osteoporosis

A

decreased bone mass, but ratio of bone mineral to bone matrix is normal

Anatomy (7 decks)

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