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Question 1

Concerning the vertebral column, which of the following statements is correct?

   a. The vertebral facet joints are synovial ellipsoid joints
   b. A lumbar vertebra has a foramen of the transverse process
   c. A typical thoracic vertebra has a bifid spinous process
   d. The vertebra C2 has the odontoid process (dens)
   e. A cervical vertebra has articular facets on its body

Answer 1

Correct answer d.

Question 2

2. The vertebral column provides a useful gauge by which to locate the position of body structures.
   Which one of the following body structure - vertebral level associations is correct?
   a. Inferior angle of scapula - vertebra T7
   b. Manubriosternal joint - vertebra T2
   c. Summit of iliac crest - vertebra L5
   d. Termination of spinal cord in an adult – L5
   e. Performance of a lumbar puncture - between the spinous processes of T12 – L1

Answer 2

Correct answer: a.

Question 3

3. Concerning the blood supply of the upper limbs, which one of the following statements is incorrect?
   a. The brachial artery is found in the arm
   b. The brachial artery is a distal continuation of the axillary artery
   c. The ulnar artery arises at the wrist
   d. The radial artery is a branch of the brachial artery
   e. The ulnar and radial arteries cross the wrist joint to supply branches to the hand

Answer 3

Correct answer: c.

Question 4

4. Concerning the lymphatic system, which one of the following statements is incorrect?
   a. The thoracic duct arises from the cisterna chyli
   b. The thoracic duct arises at vertebral L1
   b. The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from the right upper limb
   c. The thoracic duct drains lymph from the left lower quadrant of the body
   e. The thoracic duct drains into the inferior vena cava

Answer 4

Correct answer: e.

Question 5

5. Concerning the parasympathetic nervous system, which one of the following statements is incorrect?
   a. Parasympathetic fibres arise from the spinal cord at vertebral levels S2-S4
   b. Parasympathetic nerves supply the body organs and the smooth muscle of blood vessels
   c. Preganglionic parasympathetic fibres synapse in the paravertebral ganglia
   d. Parasympathetic postganglionic fibres synapse in or close to the organs that they supply
   e. Preganglionic parasympathetic fibres are longer than their corresponding postganglionic fibres

Answer 5

Correct answer:c.

Question 6

Descibe the relation of Vertebrae and how the Nerves emerge from the spinal cord at these levels:

Answer 6

Although there areseven cervical vertebrae(C1-C7), there are eightcervical nervesC1–C8. Allcervical nervesexcept C8 emerge above their correspondingvertebrae, while the C8nerveemerges below the C7vertebra. Elsewhere in the spine, thenerveemerges below thevertebrawith the same name.