Back Flashcards
what is the scapula’s only bony attachment?
clavicle
multiple superficial back muscles attach here
scapula
attaches to the anterior surface of the humerus
latissimus dorsi
attachment sites for the rotator cuff muscles
greater and lesser tubercles
what is the role of the fascia of the superficial back?
postural
keeps trapezius from bowing during contraction
the ligamentum nuchae spans from the occipital protuberance to ______?
spinous process C7
extrinsic muscles which attach the pectoral girdle to the axial skeleton and are involved in the movement of the scapula or humerus
serratus posterior superior and inferior
innervate 1. vertebrae and joines
- “true” / intrinsic back muscles
- skin of the back
dorsal rami
the ventral rami innervates?
all other skeletal muscle; dermatome segments
list the superficial extrinsic back muscles
superficial: trapezius, latissimus dorsi
list the deep extrinsic back muscles
- levator scapula
- rhomboid major
- rhomboid minor
list the intermediate back muscles
spinocostal muscles (serratus posteriors)
what innervates the trapezius?
spinal branch of the accessory nerve (CNXI)
what are the movements of the trapezius?
- elevation of scapula
- retraction of scapula
- depression of scapula
spinal portion of CNXI enters the cranium through the ?
foramen magnum
spinal portion of CNXI exits the skull via the ?
jugular foramen (along with CN 9 and 10 (vagus))
what innervates the latissiumus dorsi?
thoracodorsal nerve (C6, 7, 8)
what are the movements of the lat dorsi?
- extension of the arm
- adduction of the upper limb
- internal (medial) rotation of the arm
- moves trunk forward when the humerus is fixed such as when cross country skiing
what are the attachments of the intertubercular groove?
latissimus dorsi
pectoralis major
teres minor
what innervates the levator scapulae?
dorsal scapular nerve (C5)
what are the movements of the levator scapulae?
- elevation of the scapula
2. rotation of the glenohumeral joint
what innervates the rhomboid minor/major?
dorsal scapular (C5)
what are the movements of the rhomboid minor/major?
- retraction
2. rotation
what is the nerve supply of the serratus posterior superior?
T2 to T5 intercostal nerves
what are the attachments of the SP superior?
from: nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7 to T3 vertebrae
to: 2nd and 4th ribs
what is the vascular supply to the SP superior?
T2 to T5 posterior intercostal arteries
what are the attachments of the SP inferior?
from: spinous processes of T11 to L2
to: 8th-12th ribs
what innervates the SP inferior?
T9 to T12 intercostal nerves
what is the vascular supply of the SP inferior?
T9 to T11 posterior intercostal arteries
T12 subcostal artery
the trapezius, levator scapulae, and the rhomboids are vascularized by branches of the ?
Thyrocervical trunk
what vascularizes the sternocleidmastoid?
superficial branch of the thyrocervical trunk
which branch of the thyrocervical trunk vascularizes the levator scapulae and rhomboid muscles?
deep branch
what are the 4 branches of the thyrocervical trunk?
inferior thyroid artery
ascending cervical a.
transverse cervical a.
suprascapular a.
what vascularizes the trapezius?
superficial branch of the transverse cervical artery (a branch of the thyorocervical trunk)
what innervates the trapezius?
CNXI
the deep layer of the extrinsic muscles of the back ( are vascularized by the ?
dorsal scapular artery
the axillary artery gives rise to the _________ artery, which divides into the circumflex scapular and thoracodorsal arteries
subscapular
the subscapular artery divides into what two arteries?
circumflex scapular and thoracodorsal
continuation of the subscapular branch of the axillary artery, supplies the latissimus dorsi
thoracodorsal artery (travels with the thoracodorsal nerve)
the superficial back anastomoses the ______
- dorsal scapular artery
- suprascapular artery
- subscapular artery
* thoracodorsal artery
what are the “scotty dog” ears?
superior articular process
what is the scotty dog nose?
right transverse process
what is the scotty dog neck?
pars interarticularis
*defect = spondylolisthesis
what is the scotty dog leg?
inferior articular process
nuchal ligament functions
- muscle attachment
- limits flexion
- separates left and right compartments
the suboccipital ligaments are involved in what functions?
nodding “yes” and “no” as well as tilting the head in various directions
what is the fxt of the sacroiliac joints?
restrict movement
*they are synovial joints
the suboccipital triangles muscles have what function?
nod and tilt head
all of the intrinsic muscles of the back (except serratus posterior S and I) are innervated by ?
dorsal primary rami AND spinal nerves from C1 to L5 (provide integration for adjacent myotome)
segmental arteries arise from the aorta, and extend from ? to ?
T3 to L4 *
- above: vertebral arteries
- below: sacral branches
somatic efferents move ?
skeletal muscle
visceral efferents move ?
smooth muscle
somatic afferents give precise ?
localized information
*visceral afferents lots of info but poorly localized
fibrous astrocytes ass’d with w/g matter?
*these are glia of CNS
white
glia of the CNS which are derived from the monocyte line, and act as scavengers
microglia
glia of the CNS which line the ventricles and central canal- contribute to choroid plexus
ependyma
make myelin in the CNS
oligodendrocytes
make myelin in the PNS
Schwann cells
sensory neurons for the spinal cord
spinal dorsal root ganglion (a bipolar/pseudounipolar neuron()
cranial nerve ganglia
sensory neurons for the brainstem (a bipolar/pseudounipolar neuron)
multipolar (motor) neurons of the spinal cord
spinal nerves
multipolar (motor) neurons of the brainstem
cranial nerves
sensory fibers bring what info to the CNS?
pain, temp, light touch, vibration
also info from internal organs
*all pain comes back to anoxia
what are the somatic efferents of the PNS?
multipolar neurons of the brainstem and ventral horn of the spinal cord
visceral efferents (PNS) - motor fibers carry info toward muscles in the PNS (efferent) in a ______________ connection
two neuron
* multipolar neurons of the brainstem and lateral horn of the SC project to autonomic ganglia
*gangion cells (mpolar neurons) project to cells of SMs, cardiac muscle, or glandular tissue
ANS has two major components that act synergistically to control internal environment (homeostasis)
sympathetic and parasympathetic
*2 neuron connection
where does the SC end?
L1-L2
interruption of the ______ below L2 by trauma can cause ________ Syndrome including urine or fecal incontinence with saddle “numbness”
Cauda Equina
all muscle fivers innervated by a single spinal nerve
myotome
all skin innervated by cells of a single DRG (dorsal root ganglion) of a spinal nerve
dermatome
innervated by the lesser splanchnic nerve arising from T10 and T11
appendix *initial appe sensation burning around bellybutton; once somatic nerves are involved, pain in RUQ
innervated by the phrenic nerves which arise from C4-5, and has fibers to the pericardium
heart
face is innervated by branches of the ?
CN5
in the intervertebral foramen, spinal nerves are vulnerable to ?
herniating discs
where does the cervical enlargement start?
C6-C7
where does the lumbar enlargement start?
T9-T10
cervical enlargement of the SC supplies the ?
upper limb (bigger ventral horn = more skeletal muscle)
lumbar enlargement of the SC supplies the ?
lower limb (bigger ventral horn = more skeletal muscle)
as the roots of the cauda equine cross the lumbar disks, they can be ?
compressed
L4 disk compresses root L5, L5 disk compresses root S1, etc
if you wanted to do a spinal tap (get CSF) where would you draw from?
lumbar cistern (around S3)
what are the actions of the splenius muscles?
extend, rotate, and laterally flex the head
most common site for bony metastasis
vertebral column
blood vessel which runs through the upper 6 cervical vertebra
vertebral artery
what are the boundaries of the posterior triangle?
- sternomastoid
- clavicle
- trapezius
what is the innervation and blood supply of the sternomastoid?
innervation: accessory (CNXI)
Blood supply: multiple
innervation of the scalene muscles?
cervical nerves
what is the action of the scalene muscles?
elevate ribs 1 and 2
what is the innervation of the splenius muscles?
dorsal rami of middle and lower cervical spinal nerves
what is the action of the splenius muscles?
extend, rotate, and laterally flex the head
what are the origins of the brachial plexus (roots and trunks)?
posterior cervical triangle
ventral primary rami of C5 to T1 create the ?
brachial plexus
postaxial nerve for the shoulder
axillary nerve
postaxial nerve for the arm and forearm
radial nerve
pretaxial nerves for the arm
musculocutaneous nerve
pretaxial nerves for the forearm (except 11/2 muscles)
median nerve
pretaxial nerves for the hand (except 11/2 groups of muscles)
ulnar
axilla is a 4 sided region from ? to ?
posterior triangle of the neck to the upper limb
base of the axilla is the ?
arm pit
what innervates the pectoralis major?
medial and lateral pectoral nerve
what innervates the pectoralis minor?
medial pectoral nerve
what innervates the subclavius?
nerve to the subclavius
what is the function of the serratus anterior?
holds scapula to thoracic wall
what innervates the serratus anterior?
innervated by long thoracic nerve
*injury can lead to winging of scapula
what innervates the teres minor?
axillary nerve
what innervates the infraspinatus?
suprascapular nerve
what innervateds the teres major?
lower subscapular
what would cause excessive widening of the angle between the neck and shoulder
- C5-C6
- waiters tip hand
upper brachial plexus lesion
what would cause an excessive angle between the trunk and upper limb
- C8-T1
- claw hand deformity
lower brachial plexus lesion
location where subclavian artery turns into axillary artery
lateral border of 1st rib
location where axillary artery becomes brachial artery
inferior border of teres major
lateral vein of the upper arm which drains to the axillary vein through the deltopectoral triangle
cephalic vein
cephalic and basilica veins communicate at the ?
median cubital vein
medial vein of the upper arm which drains to the medial intermuscular septum to join the bgrachial veins
basilica vein
