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Human Structure > Back > Flashcards

Back Flashcards

1
Q

what is the scapula’s only bony attachment?

A

clavicle

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2
Q

multiple superficial back muscles attach here

A

scapula

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3
Q

attaches to the anterior surface of the humerus

A

latissimus dorsi

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4
Q

attachment sites for the rotator cuff muscles

A

greater and lesser tubercles

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5
Q

what is the role of the fascia of the superficial back?

A

postural

keeps trapezius from bowing during contraction

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6
Q

the ligamentum nuchae spans from the occipital protuberance to ______?

A

spinous process C7

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7
Q

extrinsic muscles which attach the pectoral girdle to the axial skeleton and are involved in the movement of the scapula or humerus

A

serratus posterior superior and inferior

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8
Q

innervate 1. vertebrae and joines

  1. “true” / intrinsic back muscles
  2. skin of the back
A

dorsal rami

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9
Q

the ventral rami innervates?

A

all other skeletal muscle; dermatome segments

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10
Q

list the superficial extrinsic back muscles

A

superficial: trapezius, latissimus dorsi

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11
Q

list the deep extrinsic back muscles

A
  1. levator scapula
  2. rhomboid major
  3. rhomboid minor
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12
Q

list the intermediate back muscles

A

spinocostal muscles (serratus posteriors)

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13
Q

what innervates the trapezius?

A

spinal branch of the accessory nerve (CNXI)

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14
Q

what are the movements of the trapezius?

A
  1. elevation of scapula
  2. retraction of scapula
  3. depression of scapula
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15
Q

spinal portion of CNXI enters the cranium through the ?

A

foramen magnum

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16
Q

spinal portion of CNXI exits the skull via the ?

A

jugular foramen (along with CN 9 and 10 (vagus))

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17
Q

what innervates the latissiumus dorsi?

A

thoracodorsal nerve (C6, 7, 8)

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18
Q

what are the movements of the lat dorsi?

A
  1. extension of the arm
  2. adduction of the upper limb
  3. internal (medial) rotation of the arm
  4. moves trunk forward when the humerus is fixed such as when cross country skiing
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19
Q

what are the attachments of the intertubercular groove?

A

latissimus dorsi
pectoralis major
teres minor

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20
Q

what innervates the levator scapulae?

A

dorsal scapular nerve (C5)

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21
Q

what are the movements of the levator scapulae?

A
  1. elevation of the scapula

2. rotation of the glenohumeral joint

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22
Q

what innervates the rhomboid minor/major?

A

dorsal scapular (C5)

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23
Q

what are the movements of the rhomboid minor/major?

A
  1. retraction

2. rotation

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24
Q

what is the nerve supply of the serratus posterior superior?

A

T2 to T5 intercostal nerves

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25
Q

what are the attachments of the SP superior?

A

from: nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7 to T3 vertebrae
to: 2nd and 4th ribs

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26
Q

what is the vascular supply to the SP superior?

A

T2 to T5 posterior intercostal arteries

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27
Q

what are the attachments of the SP inferior?

A

from: spinous processes of T11 to L2
to: 8th-12th ribs

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28
Q

what innervates the SP inferior?

A

T9 to T12 intercostal nerves

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29
Q

what is the vascular supply of the SP inferior?

A

T9 to T11 posterior intercostal arteries

T12 subcostal artery

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30
Q

the trapezius, levator scapulae, and the rhomboids are vascularized by branches of the ?

A

Thyrocervical trunk

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31
Q

what vascularizes the sternocleidmastoid?

A

superficial branch of the thyrocervical trunk

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32
Q

which branch of the thyrocervical trunk vascularizes the levator scapulae and rhomboid muscles?

A

deep branch

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33
Q

what are the 4 branches of the thyrocervical trunk?

A

inferior thyroid artery
ascending cervical a.
transverse cervical a.
suprascapular a.

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34
Q

what vascularizes the trapezius?

A

superficial branch of the transverse cervical artery (a branch of the thyorocervical trunk)

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35
Q

what innervates the trapezius?

A

CNXI

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36
Q

the deep layer of the extrinsic muscles of the back ( are vascularized by the ?

A

dorsal scapular artery

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37
Q

the axillary artery gives rise to the _________ artery, which divides into the circumflex scapular and thoracodorsal arteries

A

subscapular

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38
Q

the subscapular artery divides into what two arteries?

A

circumflex scapular and thoracodorsal

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39
Q

continuation of the subscapular branch of the axillary artery, supplies the latissimus dorsi

A

thoracodorsal artery (travels with the thoracodorsal nerve)

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40
Q

the superficial back anastomoses the ______

A
  1. dorsal scapular artery
  2. suprascapular artery
  3. subscapular artery
    * thoracodorsal artery
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41
Q

what are the “scotty dog” ears?

A

superior articular process

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42
Q

what is the scotty dog nose?

A

right transverse process

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43
Q

what is the scotty dog neck?

A

pars interarticularis

*defect = spondylolisthesis

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44
Q

what is the scotty dog leg?

A

inferior articular process

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45
Q

nuchal ligament functions

A
  1. muscle attachment
  2. limits flexion
  3. separates left and right compartments
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46
Q

the suboccipital ligaments are involved in what functions?

A

nodding “yes” and “no” as well as tilting the head in various directions

47
Q

what is the fxt of the sacroiliac joints?

A

restrict movement

*they are synovial joints

48
Q

the suboccipital triangles muscles have what function?

A

nod and tilt head

49
Q

all of the intrinsic muscles of the back (except serratus posterior S and I) are innervated by ?

A

dorsal primary rami AND spinal nerves from C1 to L5 (provide integration for adjacent myotome)

50
Q

segmental arteries arise from the aorta, and extend from ? to ?

A

T3 to L4 *

  • above: vertebral arteries
  • below: sacral branches
51
Q

somatic efferents move ?

A

skeletal muscle

52
Q

visceral efferents move ?

A

smooth muscle

53
Q

somatic afferents give precise ?

A

localized information

*visceral afferents lots of info but poorly localized

54
Q

fibrous astrocytes ass’d with w/g matter?

*these are glia of CNS

A

white

55
Q

glia of the CNS which are derived from the monocyte line, and act as scavengers

A

microglia

56
Q

glia of the CNS which line the ventricles and central canal- contribute to choroid plexus

A

ependyma

57
Q

make myelin in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

58
Q

make myelin in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

59
Q

sensory neurons for the spinal cord

A

spinal dorsal root ganglion (a bipolar/pseudounipolar neuron()

60
Q

cranial nerve ganglia

A

sensory neurons for the brainstem (a bipolar/pseudounipolar neuron)

61
Q

multipolar (motor) neurons of the spinal cord

A

spinal nerves

62
Q

multipolar (motor) neurons of the brainstem

A

cranial nerves

63
Q

sensory fibers bring what info to the CNS?

A

pain, temp, light touch, vibration

also info from internal organs
*all pain comes back to anoxia

64
Q

what are the somatic efferents of the PNS?

A

multipolar neurons of the brainstem and ventral horn of the spinal cord

65
Q

visceral efferents (PNS) - motor fibers carry info toward muscles in the PNS (efferent) in a ______________ connection

A

two neuron
* multipolar neurons of the brainstem and lateral horn of the SC project to autonomic ganglia

*gangion cells (mpolar neurons) project to cells of SMs, cardiac muscle, or glandular tissue

66
Q

ANS has two major components that act synergistically to control internal environment (homeostasis)

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

*2 neuron connection

67
Q

where does the SC end?

A

L1-L2

68
Q

interruption of the ______ below L2 by trauma can cause ________ Syndrome including urine or fecal incontinence with saddle “numbness”

A

Cauda Equina

69
Q

all muscle fivers innervated by a single spinal nerve

A

myotome

70
Q

all skin innervated by cells of a single DRG (dorsal root ganglion) of a spinal nerve

A

dermatome

71
Q

innervated by the lesser splanchnic nerve arising from T10 and T11

A

appendix *initial appe sensation burning around bellybutton; once somatic nerves are involved, pain in RUQ

72
Q

innervated by the phrenic nerves which arise from C4-5, and has fibers to the pericardium

A

heart

73
Q

face is innervated by branches of the ?

A

CN5

74
Q

in the intervertebral foramen, spinal nerves are vulnerable to ?

A

herniating discs

75
Q

where does the cervical enlargement start?

A

C6-C7

76
Q

where does the lumbar enlargement start?

A

T9-T10

77
Q

cervical enlargement of the SC supplies the ?

A

upper limb (bigger ventral horn = more skeletal muscle)

78
Q

lumbar enlargement of the SC supplies the ?

A

lower limb (bigger ventral horn = more skeletal muscle)

79
Q

as the roots of the cauda equine cross the lumbar disks, they can be ?

A

compressed

L4 disk compresses root L5, L5 disk compresses root S1, etc

80
Q

if you wanted to do a spinal tap (get CSF) where would you draw from?

A

lumbar cistern (around S3)

81
Q

what are the actions of the splenius muscles?

A

extend, rotate, and laterally flex the head

82
Q

most common site for bony metastasis

A

vertebral column

83
Q

blood vessel which runs through the upper 6 cervical vertebra

A

vertebral artery

84
Q

what are the boundaries of the posterior triangle?

A
  1. sternomastoid
  2. clavicle
  3. trapezius
85
Q

what is the innervation and blood supply of the sternomastoid?

A

innervation: accessory (CNXI)

Blood supply: multiple

86
Q

innervation of the scalene muscles?

A

cervical nerves

87
Q

what is the action of the scalene muscles?

A

elevate ribs 1 and 2

88
Q

what is the innervation of the splenius muscles?

A

dorsal rami of middle and lower cervical spinal nerves

89
Q

what is the action of the splenius muscles?

A

extend, rotate, and laterally flex the head

90
Q

what are the origins of the brachial plexus (roots and trunks)?

A

posterior cervical triangle

91
Q

ventral primary rami of C5 to T1 create the ?

A

brachial plexus

92
Q

postaxial nerve for the shoulder

A

axillary nerve

93
Q

postaxial nerve for the arm and forearm

A

radial nerve

94
Q

pretaxial nerves for the arm

A

musculocutaneous nerve

95
Q

pretaxial nerves for the forearm (except 11/2 muscles)

A

median nerve

96
Q

pretaxial nerves for the hand (except 11/2 groups of muscles)

A

ulnar

97
Q

axilla is a 4 sided region from ? to ?

A

posterior triangle of the neck to the upper limb

98
Q

base of the axilla is the ?

A

arm pit

99
Q

what innervates the pectoralis major?

A

medial and lateral pectoral nerve

100
Q

what innervates the pectoralis minor?

A

medial pectoral nerve

101
Q

what innervates the subclavius?

A

nerve to the subclavius

102
Q

what is the function of the serratus anterior?

A

holds scapula to thoracic wall

103
Q

what innervates the serratus anterior?

A

innervated by long thoracic nerve

*injury can lead to winging of scapula

104
Q

what innervates the teres minor?

A

axillary nerve

105
Q

what innervates the infraspinatus?

A

suprascapular nerve

106
Q

what innervateds the teres major?

A

lower subscapular

107
Q

what would cause excessive widening of the angle between the neck and shoulder

  • C5-C6
  • waiters tip hand
A

upper brachial plexus lesion

108
Q

what would cause an excessive angle between the trunk and upper limb

  • C8-T1
  • claw hand deformity
A

lower brachial plexus lesion

109
Q

location where subclavian artery turns into axillary artery

A

lateral border of 1st rib

110
Q

location where axillary artery becomes brachial artery

A

inferior border of teres major

111
Q

lateral vein of the upper arm which drains to the axillary vein through the deltopectoral triangle

A

cephalic vein

112
Q

cephalic and basilica veins communicate at the ?

A

median cubital vein

113
Q

medial vein of the upper arm which drains to the medial intermuscular septum to join the bgrachial veins

A

basilica vein

Human Structure (2 decks)

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