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Clin Anat I - Exam #2 > Back > Flashcards

Back Flashcards

1
Q

Identify

A
  1. C7
  2. medial scapula border
  3. spine of the scap
  4. inferior angle of the scap
  5. upper trap
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2
Q

Identify

A
  1. costovertebral angle (CVA)
  2. T12
  3. lower trap
  4. lumbar paraspinal muscles
  5. iliac crest
  6. L4 (level)
  7. PSIS
  8. sacrum
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3
Q

What are the 4 regions of the vertebrae?

A
  1. cervical
  2. thoracic
  3. lumbar
  4. sacrum/coccyx
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4
Q

What is the function of the spine?

A

absorb shock

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5
Q

What are primary curves?

A

kyphotic

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6
Q

What are secondary curves?

A

lordotic

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7
Q

When/why do the secondary curves develop?

A
  • cervical - hold head/sit upright
  • lumbar - stand/walk
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8
Q

What are the motions of the spine?

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • lateral flexion
  • rotation
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9
Q

Which are the typical vertebrae?

A

C3-L5

(all but 1st two)

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10
Q

Identify

A
  1. body
  2. pedicle
  3. lamina
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11
Q

Identify

A

pedicles

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12
Q

Identify

A
  1. SP (spinous process)
  2. TP (transverse process
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13
Q

Identify

A
  1. SP
  2. TP
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14
Q

What is the function of the SP & TP?

A

attachment and lever for spinal muscles

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15
Q

Identify

A
  1. superior articular process
  2. inferior articular process
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16
Q

Identify

A
  1. superior vertebral notch
  2. inferior vertebral notch
  3. intervertebral foramen
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17
Q

Identify

A
  1. vertebral foramen
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18
Q

Vertebral ______ collectively form the vertebral ______.

A
  • foramina
  • canal
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19
Q

Identify

A
  1. C1 (atlas)
  2. C2 (axis)

Helpful Hint: Atlas, the Greek god, holds up the world therefor C1 articulates with the occiput and it rotates on an axis(C2)

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20
Q

Identify

and

What view is this?

A

C1

  1. anterior arch
  2. anterior tubercle
  3. posterior arch
  4. posterior tubercl
  5. superior facet for articulation for occipital condyles

Superior view

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21
Q

Identify

and

What view is this?

A

C1

  1. posterior arch
  2. posterior tubercle
  3. anterior arch
  4. anterior tubercle
  5. inferior facet articulation for C2

Inferior view

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22
Q

Identify

A
  1. transverse foramen
  2. TP
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23
Q

Which are the atypical vertebrae?

A
  • C1
  • C2
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24
Q

Identify

A

dens

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25
Q

In _______ & ________ patients, the ______ of C2 is underdeveloped.

A
  • RA
  • down syndrome
  • dens
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26
Q

Identify

A
  1. body
  2. vertebral foramen
  3. TP
  4. SP
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27
Q

Describe C3-C5 SP

A

bifid

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28
Q

Describe the body of a cervical vertebra

A
  • small
  • wider laterally v. AP (rectangular)
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29
Q

Describe the vertebral foramen of a cervical vertebra

A
  • triangular
  • large
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30
Q

What goes through the transverse foramen of the c-spine?

A
  • vertebral a.
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31
Q

What type of vertebrae is this?

A

thoracic

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32
Q

What type of vertebrae is this?

A

cervical

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33
Q

What type of vertebrae is this?

A

lumbar

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34
Q

Describe the body of a thoracic vertebrae

A
  • heart shaped with costal facets
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35
Q

Describe the body of a lumbar vertebrae

A
  • kidney shaped
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36
Q

Describe the vertebral foramen of thoracic vertebra

A
  • circular
  • small vs. cervical or lumbar
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37
Q

Describe the TP of thoracic vertebrae

A
  • long
  • facets for rib articulations
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38
Q

Describe the SP of thoracic vertebrae

A
  • long
  • extend inferiorly to the segment below
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39
Q

Describe the vertebral foramen of lumbar vertebrae

A
  • triangular
  • larger than thoracic, smaller than cervical
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40
Q

Describe the SP of lumbar vertebrae

A
  • sturdy
  • hatchet shape
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41
Q

Identify

A
  1. accessory process
  2. mammilary process
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42
Q

How is the sacrum created?

A

fusion of lower vertebrae

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43
Q

What is sacralization?

A

L5 fuses to sacrum

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44
Q

What is lumbarization?

A

S1 fuses to L5

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45
Q

Identify

A
  1. apex
  2. base
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46
Q

Identify

(ignore #3 - my bad!)

A
  1. promontory
  2. ala
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47
Q

Identify

A
  1. median sacral crest
  2. sacral cornu (horns)
  3. sacral hiatus
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48
Q

Identify this space

A

sacral canal

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49
Q

Identify

A

coccyx

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50
Q

Identify the curves

A
  1. kyphotic
  2. lordotic
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51
Q

What is formed by the failure of the lamina of S5 to fuse?

A

sacral hiatus

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52
Q

What part of the individual vertebrae is the sacral cornu?

A

pedicles of S5

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53
Q

How many vertebrae make up the coccyx?

A

4

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54
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

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55
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

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56
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

A

5

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57
Q

What is the most common pathology of the coccyx and what is the etiology?

A
  • fracture s/p fall
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58
Q

What is the pathology depicted on the right?

A

lordosis

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59
Q

What is the pathology depicted on the right?

A

kyphosis

(common in geriatrics)

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60
Q

What is the pathology depicted on the right?

A

scoliosis

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61
Q

*Describe scoliosis*

A

lateral deviation with rotary component

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62
Q

How do you evaluate for scoliosis?

A
  • stand behind the patient and ask them to touch their toes
  • presence of a rib hump indicates rotation
  • uneven curve that straightens with flexion = muscle imbalance, not scoli
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63
Q

What are the treatment options for scoliosis?

A
  • observation
  • brace
  • surgery
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64
Q

Identify

A

facet joint

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65
Q

What makes up a facet joint?

A

synovial joint between superiof and inferior facets of articular process

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66
Q

Identify

A

facet joint

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67
Q

What is the function of an intervertebral (IV) disc?

A

shock absorption

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68
Q

Where is there no disc?

A
  • between occiput & C1
  • C1-C2
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69
Q

Identify

A
  1. nucleus pulposus
  2. annulus fibrosis
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70
Q

Identify

A
  1. PLL
  2. nucleus pulposus
  3. annulus fibrosis
  4. cartilage end plate
  5. collagen lamellae of annulus fibrosis
  6. ALL
71
Q

Describe the direction of the fibers of the annulus fibrosus

A

crosswoven effect

72
Q

Identify

A
  1. annulus fibrosis
  2. nucleus pulposus
  3. SP
73
Q

What specific types of joints are found only in the C-spine?

A

uncovertebral or Luschka

74
Q

Identify

A

uncovertebral joints

75
Q

Identify

A

atlanto-occipital joint

76
Q

What joint is made up of C1 & C2?

A

atlanto-axial

77
Q

Where does 50% of neck flexion/extension come from?

A

atlanto-occipital joint

78
Q

Where does 50% of c-spein lateral rotation come from?

A

atlanto-axial joint

79
Q

Identify

A
  1. anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL)
  2. posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL)
80
Q

Identify

A

ligamentum flavum

81
Q

What are the attachements for the ligamentum flavum?

A

lamina between consecutive vertebrae

82
Q

Identify

A
  1. interspinous ligament
  2. supraspinous ligament
83
Q

Describe the difference in attachments of interspinous ligament vs. supraspinous ligament

A

interspinous connects adjacent SPs while supraspinous connects all the SPs from C7-sacrum

84
Q

*Identify*

A

anterior athlanto-occipital membrane

85
Q

What is the anterior atlanto-occipital membrane a continuation of?

A

ALL

86
Q

Identify

A

tectorial membrane

87
Q

What is the tectorial membrane a continuation of?

A

PLL

88
Q

Identify

A
  1. posterior atlanto-occipital membrane
  2. ligamentum flavum
89
Q

Identify

A

nuchal ligament

90
Q

What is the nuchal ligament a continuation of?

A

supraspinous ligament

91
Q

What are the attachements for the nuchal ligament?

A

EOP - SP of C2-C7 and posterior tubercle of C1

EOP = external occipital protuberance

92
Q

What is the function of the nuchal ligament?

A

septum between R and L posterior neck muscles

93
Q

Identify

A
  1. cruciate ligament
  2. transverse band of cruciate ligament
  3. inferior band of cruciate ligament
  4. superior band of cruciate ligament
94
Q

What is the function of the cruciate ligament?

A

stabilizes the dens against the anterior arch of C1

95
Q

Identify

A
  1. alar ligament
  2. apical ligament
96
Q

What is the function of the alar ligament?

A

limits excessive rotation

97
Q

What are the groups in the organizational hierarchy of the back muscles (list superficial to deep)?

A
  • superficial
  • intermediate
  • deep
    • superficial
    • intermediate
    • deep
98
Q

Identify

A
  1. trapezius
  2. latissimus dorsi
  3. rhomboid (cut)
  4. levator scapulae
99
Q

Identify

A
  1. upper trap
  2. middle trap
  3. lower trap
100
Q

trapezius - attachments

A

SP - spine of the scap

101
Q

trapezius - innervation

A

CN 11 - accessory

102
Q

upper trap - action

A
  • scap elevation
  • scap upward rotation
103
Q

middle trap - action

A

scap retration

104
Q

lower trap - action

A
  • scap depression
  • scap upward rotation
105
Q

Identify

A

latissimus dorsi

106
Q

latissimus dorsi - attachement

A

thoracodorsal ligament - humerus (floor of bicipital groove/intertubercular sulcus)

107
Q

latissimus doris - innervation

A

thoracodorsal n.

108
Q

latissimus dorsi - action

A

GH (shoulder)

  • extension
  • IR (internal rotation)
  • ADDuction
109
Q

Identify

A

rhomboid

(minor is superior to major)

110
Q

rhomboid - attachement

A

SP - medial border of scap

111
Q

rhomboid innervation

A

dorsal scapular n.

112
Q

rhomboid - action

A
  • scap retraction
  • shrug shoulders
113
Q

Identify

A

levator scapulae

114
Q

levator scap - attachment

A

C1-C4 TP - superior angle of scap

115
Q

levator scap - innervation

A

dorsal scapular n.

116
Q

levator scap - scap action

A
  • elevation
  • downward rotation
117
Q

levator scap - neck action

A
  • ipsilateral flexion
  • ipsilateral rotation
118
Q

Identify

A
  1. serratus posterior superior
  2. serratus posterior inferior
119
Q

Describe the location of serratus posterior superior

A

immediately DEEP to rhomboids

120
Q

serratus posterior superior - action

A

elevate ribs

121
Q

serratus posterior inferior - action

A

depress ribs

122
Q

splenius capitis/cervicis - action

A
  • ipsilateral neck flexion
  • ipsilateral rotation
123
Q

Identify

A

splenius capitis/cervicis

(viewed from intermediate layer)

124
Q

Identify

A

splenius capitis/cervicis

(viewed from superficial layer)

125
Q

What muscles make up the group ‘erector spinae’?

A
  • iliocostalis
  • longissimus
  • spinalis

Helpful Hint: I Love Spaghetti - lateral to medial

126
Q

Identify

A
  1. iliocostalis
  2. longissimus
  3. spinalis

I Love Sphagetti

127
Q

erector spinae - action

A
  • back extension
  • eccentric control of back flexion
128
Q

What are the muscles of the deep layer of the deep back muscles?

A
  • semispinalis
  • multifidi
  • rotators

Helpful Hint: Some More Ragu

129
Q

What is the difference in attachements for semispinalis, multifidi, and rotators?

A

TP - SP at different intervals

  • semispinlis jumps 4-6 levels
  • multifidi jumps 2-4 levels
  • rotators attach to adjacent levels (i.e. 1 level)
130
Q

What is the action of the deep layer of the deep back muscles?

A

contralateral rotation

131
Q

Identify

A
  1. semispinalis
  2. multifidi
  3. rotators
132
Q

Identify

A

black - semispinalis

green - splenius capitis/cervicis

133
Q

Identify

A
  1. rectus capitis posterior major
  2. rectus capitis posterior minor
  3. oblique capitis inferior
  4. oblique capitis superior
134
Q

rectus capitis posterior major - attachment

A

C2 SP - occiput

135
Q

rectus capitis posterior minor - attachment

A

C1 posterior arch - occiput

136
Q

oblique capitis inferior - attachment

A

C2 SP - C1 TP

137
Q

oblique capitis superior - attachment

A

C1 TP - occiput

138
Q

Identify

A

sub-occipital triangle

139
Q

What are the borders of the sup-occipital triangle?

A
  • rectus capitis posterior major
  • oblique capitis inferior
  • oblique capitis superior
140
Q

What are the contents of the sub-occipital triangle?

A
  • vertebral a.
  • sub-occipital n. (C1)
141
Q

Identify

A
  1. vertebral a.
  2. sub-occipital n. (C1)
142
Q

Identify

A
  1. cervical enlargement
  2. lumbar enlargment
  3. conus medullaris
  4. caudae equina
143
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A
  • thoracic/lumbar junction
  • conus medullaris
144
Q

Identify

A
  1. conus medullaris
  2. cauda equina
145
Q

Identify

A

dentate ligament

146
Q

Identify

A
  1. ventral n. root
  2. anterior rami
  3. dorsal n. root
  4. posterior rami
147
Q

Identify

A
  1. dorsal n. root
  2. ventral n. root
  3. anterior rami
  4. posterior rami
  5. space for epidural injection
148
Q

Identify

A

dura mater

149
Q

Identify

A

filum terminale

150
Q

Identify

A

epidural block

151
Q

Identify layers

A
  1. dura
  2. arachnoid
  3. pia
152
Q

At which level is an LP performed?

A

L4

153
Q

What is the lumbar cistern?

A

space where there is no spinal cord

154
Q

Identify (purple)

A

lumbar cistern

155
Q

What is this procedure?

A

LP (lumbar puncture)

156
Q

What is this pathology?

A

spina bifida occulta

157
Q

What is the pathology?

A

meningocele

158
Q

What is this pathology?

A

spina bifida occulta

159
Q

What is this pathology?

A

mylomeningocele

160
Q

Describe spina bifida occulta

A

failure of vertebral arch to fuse

bony defect

161
Q

Describe meningocele

A

meninges protrude through bony defect of vertebral arch

spinal cord does not protrude

162
Q

Describe mylomeningocele

A

spinal cord and meninges protrude through defect of vertebral arch

163
Q

Identify

A
  1. anterior spinal a.
  2. posterior spinal a.
164
Q

What is the main difference between ant and post spinal arteries, besides ant and post location?

A
  • anterior spinal is only 1 artery
  • posterior spinal is 2 arteries
165
Q

Identify

A

anterior segmental medullary a.

166
Q

Identify

A

posterior segmental medullary artery

167
Q

Identify

A
  1. anterior spinal a.
  2. posterior radicular a.
  3. anterior segmental medullary a.
  4. anterior radicular a.
168
Q

Identify

A

AP View

  • purple = SP
  • blue = pedicles
  • yellow = bodies
169
Q

Identify

A

Lateral view

  • yellow = bodies
  • red = IV foramen
  • blue = SP
170
Q

Why are L-spine oblique views important?

A

pars defect is seen

171
Q

What is this pathology?

A

spondylolysis

scotty dog sign

172
Q

What is this pathology?

A

spodylolisthesis

scotty dog sign

173
Q

What is the difference in a spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis?

A

no displacement in spondylolysis

174
Q

What makes up the vertebral/neural arch?

A
  • pedicles and lamina

Clin Anat I - Exam #2 (3 decks)

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