BAB L17 Flashcards
What is memory
What is learning
Memory is retention of knowledge
Learning is acquisition
How do learning and memory work together?
To adapt behaviour vs stereotypical reflexes e.g. if you touch that hot thing its painful. Store info based on experience
What is declarative memory?
Also known as explicit, consciously aware, able to describe in words, Fades with time. Use it or lose it. Further broken down into semantic and episodic.
What is semantic memory
memories of facts, concenpts other general knowledge
What is episodic memory
long term memories of specific events
What is non-declarative memory?
Implicit, the how.
Skills, habits, behaviours, less likely to fade.
Things we do without really thinking about it.
Subtypes include procedural memory. Conditioned responses also considered implicit memory e.g. associative reflexes like Pavlov’s dogs. Usually unconscious and not verbally explained.
What is procedural memory?
motor tasks i.e. riding a bike or typing
How does sleep help memory?
It consolidates it
What is working memory?
acquisition and using of info. Take new info and combine with stored memory to perhaps make new ones, or combining old ones to make new ones
What happens in forgetting with age (memory deficit)
Forgetting is normal. Evidence shows ageing and forgetting has to do with acquisition and not storage being harder. Different for different types of memory, associated more with declarative memory. Evidence also suggests its there but hard to retrieve it. Decrease in synapses not neurons
When can you get amnesia secondary to pathology?
traumatic brain injury, stroke, infection, neurodegeneration
What 2 main types of amnesia are there?
retrograde - events before trauma, particularly declarative. Usually have good memory of childhood years but not adult years.
anterograde - cant make new memories
Different process for anterograde and retrograde
What is the anatomical location of memory?
hippocampus-declarative, (episodic and semantic)
cerebellum-condition timing
amygdala-emotional memory
cerebral cortex-perceptual, semantic and priming
striatum-procedural
pre-frontal cortex-working memory
Which lobe is declarative memory in hippocampus involved?
Medial temporal lobes - fMRI scanning.
What part of info processing is hippocampus involved in?
Acquiring new info
Alzheimer’s patients lose what first then what type of memory
episodic then semantic then later lose both
Evidence suggests sensory info goes into hippocampus as STM then to neocortex for long term memory
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Where does declarative memory go through before reaching neocortex?
Hippocampus–>hypothalamus–>thalamus–>neocortex
Is hippocampus important in non-declarative memory? Where is procedural stored?
Much less important. Important for procedural memories, if you have damage to basal ganglia or SMA or cerebellum –> affects procedural
Do Parkinson’s patient’s have procedural memory problem?
No, but later har for them to learn new motor skills
HM patient. Bilateral temporal lobectomy
No hippocampus, severe anterograde amnesia for declarative memories but could learn procedural
Where is working memory?
Prefrontal cortex, evidence from functioning memory in SZ and ADHD
How do neurons store memories?
change in neurotransmission-physical structural change in synaptic structure. Inducing LTP can physically alter structure of neurons, grows spines, new synapses form-neurplasticity. Both of these go on called neuroplasticity. this never stops.
Change in neurotransmission by LTP and LTD
What underlies fire together wire together
recording neurons in hippocampus; can see changes in membrane potential. If you really stimulate neurons they have much bigger change in membrane potential than before.
Long Term Potentiation is used in?
Acquisition and storing of declarative memory
what NT is important in LTP
glutamate, only AMP stimulated normally. When you have intense stimulate glutamate binds to NMDA and AMPA. So Ca entry has changed, this changes gene expression e.g. more AMPA receptors, altered kinase acitivity
What do we lose with age?
NEUROPLASTICITY-plastic neurons decline with age whereas more rigid ones last with age
