Bab 3

Question 1

ACCIDENT CAUSATION THEORIES

Answer 1

1. Domino Theory
2. Loss Causation Model
3. Multi-causality Accident Model

Question 2

Prevent incident (important) ?

Answer 2

1. Legal reasons
2. Moral issues
3. Business reasons

Question 3

2 types of incidents

Answer 3

1. Long term injuries
2. Short term injuries

Question 4

Heinrich’s Domino Theory

Answer 4

1. Ancestry & Social Environment – Personal traits (e.g., carelessness, recklessness) influenced by upbringing.
2. Fault of the Person – Unsafe behaviors, like not following safety rules.
3. Unsafe Acts or Conditions – The actual hazard, such as a slippery floor or not wearing protective gear.
4. Accident – The unsafe act or condition leads to an accident.
5. Injury – The accident results in harm, like a broken arm.

Question 5

Loss Causation Model

Answer 5

1. Lack of Control – Poor safety management (e.g., no proper training, weak policies).
2. Basic Causes (Root Causes) – Deeper reasons like poor work culture, bad habits, or lack of supervision.
3. Immediate Causes – Unsafe actions (e.g., rushing, ignoring safety rules) or unsafe conditions (e.g., faulty equipment).
4. Incident – The unsafe act or condition leads to an accident or near-miss.
5. Loss – The final result, which could be an injury, damage, or financial loss.

Question 6

Multiple Causality Model (MCM)

Answer 6

1. Human Factors – Mistakes, lack of training, fatigue, stress, or poor decision-making.
2. Technical Factors – Equipment failure, design flaws, poor maintenance.
3. Environmental Factors – Poor lighting, extreme temperatures, slippery floors, or noise.
4. Organizational Factors – Lack of safety policies, poor supervision, or rushing deadlines.

Question 7

Principles of Incident
Prevention

Answer 7

1. Pengurusan dan pekerja mesti bekerjasama sepenuhnya
2. Pencegahan insiden adalah pengurusan yang baik
3. Pengurusan atasan mesti memimpin.
4. Mesti ada polisi OSH
5. Mesti mempunyai organisasi dan sumber untuk melaksanakan dasar
6. Maklumat terbaik yang tersedia (dan teknologi) mesti digunakan.

Question 8

Tye-Pearson Accident Ratio

Answer 8

For every 1 fatal or serious injury, there were:

a) 3 minor injuries (workers absent for up to 3 days).
b) 50 injuries needing only first aid.
c) 80 accidents that caused property damage.
d) 400 near misses (incidents that almost caused harm)

Question 9

Tye Pearson Accident Ratio (important)

Answer 9

Prevention: Small incidents (near misses) can lead to serious accidents if ignored.
Workplace Safety: Companies should focus on reducing minor incidents to prevent major injuries.
Supports Safety Laws: Contributed to improving safety standards, including the Health and Safety at Work Act (1974).