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IGCSE BIO YEAH! > B9 Revision > Flashcards

B9 Revision Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The process of maintaining a constant body temperature.

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2
Q

Three layers of skin

A

Epidermis, Dermis, Fatty Tissue

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3
Q

Parts of the Epidermis

A

Skin Cells and fine Hairs

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4
Q

Where does hair grow out of?

A

Hair follicles

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5
Q

What is the pouch inside a hair follicle?

A

Sebaceous gland

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6
Q

What is the function of the Sebaceous gland?

A

To produce oil

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7
Q

What joins the hair follicle to the skin?

A

Hair erector muscle

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8
Q

What happens when you are cold?

A

The hair erector muscle contracts, pulling the hair upright which allows for air to be caught between the hair which creates a layer of warmth around your skin.

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9
Q

What happens when you are hot?

A

The hair erector muscles relax, causing the hairs to lie flat, so no air gets trapped and no warmth.

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10
Q

What do the sweat glands look like?

A

Like a messy ball of string

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11
Q

What happens to the sweat glands when you are hot?

A

They release sweat onto the surface of the skin via a sweat pore, the sweat then takes heat away from the body as it evaporates.

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12
Q

What do the arterioles do?

A

Provide blood to the structure of the Dermis.

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13
Q

What happens to the arterioles when the body is hot?

A

They become wider, is a process called vasodilation. Allowing for blood to flow closer to the surface of the skin and radiate out heat.

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14
Q

What is the purpose of the pressure receptors?

A

To detect when you touch something

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15
Q

What changes the activity of one or more specific target organs, is carried by the blood, produced by glands, and is a chemical substance?

A

Hormones

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16
Q

What system that coordinates the body’s response to changes in the environment using hormones

A

endocrine system

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17
Q

What are groups of cells that produce hormones and secrete them into the bloodstream where they travel to target organs.

A

endocrine glands

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18
Q

What hormone do the Testes produce and what does it do?

A

Testosterone, controls puberty and sperm production.

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19
Q

What hormone do the Ovaries produce and what does it do?

A

Estrogen, controls puberty and a main hormone in controlling the menstrual cycle

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20
Q

What hormone do the adrenal glands produce and what does it do?

A

Adrenaline, triggers the flight or fight response when there is danger.

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21
Q

What hormone doe the Pancreas produce?

A

Insulin and Glucagon

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22
Q

What does Insulin do?

A

Acts to decrease blood glucose levels

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23
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

Acts to increase blood glucose levels

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24
Q

What is a negative effect of a too high blood glucose level?

A

Can have negative impact on osmosis

25
Q

What is a negative effect of a too little blood glucose level?

A

Can’t produce enough energy

26
Q

What organ can detect if the blood glucose concentration is too high or too little?

A

The pancreas

27
Q

What is released by the pancreas if the concentration of blood glucose is too high?

A

Insulin

28
Q

What is released by the pancreas if the concentration of blood glucose is too low?

A

Glucagon

29
Q

What detects the presence of insulin?

A

Liver and muscle tissues

30
Q

What do the liver and muscle tissues do when they detect insulin?

A

They convert excess glucose into glycogen.

31
Q

What detects the presence of Glucagon?

A

The liver

32
Q

What does the liver do when it detects glucagon?

A

It converts stores of glycogen into glucose to be released into the bloodstream.

33
Q

What is a form of glucose that is insoluble and can be stored for later use?

A

Glycogen

34
Q

What structure of the eye refracts light?

A

Cornea

35
Q

What structure of the eye controls how much light enters the pupil?

A

Iris

36
Q

What structure of the eye focuses light onto the retina?

A

Lens

37
Q

What structure of the eye contains the light receptors?

A

Retina

38
Q

What structure of the eye carries impulses between the eye and the brain?

A

Optic nerve

39
Q

What is it called when the size of the pupil changes in response to bright or dim light?

A

The pupil reflex

40
Q

How does the eye react to dim light?

A

Radial muscles of iris contract, circular muscles of iris relax, so the pupil is dilated and more light enters.

41
Q

How does the eye react to bright light?

A

Radial muscles of iris relax, circular muscles of iris contract, so the pupil is contracted and less light enters

42
Q

What is the ability of the lens to change its shape called?

A

Accommodation

43
Q

When an object is near the ciliary muscles _____ and the suspensory ligaments become ______

A

Contract, Slackened

44
Q

When an object is far the ciliary muscles _____ and the suspensory ligaments become ______

A

Relax, Stretched

45
Q

What detects stimuli?

A

Receptors

46
Q

What receives and processes information from receptors around the body?

A

The coordination center

47
Q

What are examples of the coordination center?

A

Brain, spinal cord, and pancreas.

48
Q

What brings about responses, restoring optimum levels like core body temperatures and blood glucose levels?

A

Effectors

49
Q

Muscles and glands are a type of what, which can bring about muscle contraction or hormone release?

A

Effector

50
Q

What are nerve cells called?

A

Neurones

51
Q

What is the function of the Neurons?

A

Carry electrical signals from one place to another

52
Q

What is a bundle of neurons called?

A

A nerve

53
Q

What are the three main types of neuron?

A

Sensory, motor, relay.

54
Q

What is the path of the reflex arc?

A

Stimulus → receptor → coordinator → effector → response

55
Q

What neuron detects a stimuli?

A

Sensory Neuron

56
Q

What neuron receives electrical impulses from sensory neurons and sends them to motor neurons?

A

Relay Neuron

57
Q

What sends electrical impulses to an effector?

A

Motor Neuron

58
Q

What are the parts of the central nervous system?

A

The brain and the spinal cord

59
Q

What are the parts of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Anything other than brain and spinal cord.

IGCSE BIO YEAH! (2 decks)

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