Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Health and Society > B9 H+S > Flashcards

B9 H+S Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does EBDM involve? (4)

A

Patient preferences, resources, research evidence, clinical expertise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is a cohort study used for?

A

prognosis, cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

case- control studies are used for?

A

cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what makes a case in a case- control study?

A

those with the disease already, these are compared to those without the disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

risk is another name for?

A

probability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

risk ratio is calculated by?

A

risk of event in questionable group/ risk of event in the control group.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

risk ratio can also be called?

A

relative risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the odds of an event is?

A

the number of events/ number of non- events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

odds ratio calculation?

A

odds of event in questionable group/ odds of event in the control group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Odds ratio vs risk ratio

A

Odds ratio: (a/b)/(c/d) whereas RR: (a/a+b)/(c/c+d)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

when is a case- control study better than a cohort study?

A

when the population is large and ill- defined, and when the disease outcome is uncommon. (as look at those with disease and compare their exposures)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

when is a cohort study better than a case- control study?

A

dealing with outbreaks in small- well defined source population. (As 2 groups will be more similar in size).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

RCT’s are used in?

A

treatment intervention, benefits and harm, cost effectiveness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

1st step in smoking cessation

A
  1. Health education and general information to enhance motivation (light smokers) eg: TV ads
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

2nd step in smoking cessation

A
  1. brief advice from health professional (light smokers) Eg: stop smoking week at GP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

3rd step in smoking cessation

A

advice, nictotine replacement, follow up by specialist (moderately motivated, medium dependency)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

4th step in smoking cessation

A

specialised counselling rooms and agencies working with group sessions (high dependent smokers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

2 reasons for widespread use of antibiotics

A

increase in global availability

uncontrolled sale in low/ middle income countries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Some causes of antibiotic resistance?

A

use in livestock, releasing into environment, volume prescribed, missing doses, inappropriate prescribing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how antibiotic resistance can be prevented?

A

only when prescribed, complete full prescription, never share, only prescribe when needed, right antibiotic for illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is surveillance?

A

systematic collection, collation and analysis of date and dissemination of the results so appropriate control measures can be taken.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

purpose of surveillance?

A

early warning sign for public health emergency, documents impact of intervention or goals, monitors and clarifies epidemiology.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

3 infectious diseases becoming more common?

A

MRSA, STIs, mumps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Mandatory infectious surveillance in hospitals for what?

A

MRSA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the 90/10 gap and where was it mentioned?

A

commission on health research for development- 1990, less than 10% resources put towards 90% of all preventable deaths. `

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

WHO’s health definition of environment?

A

All physical, chemical, biological factors external to a person and all related behaviours. Preventing and controlling disease, injury, disability by interaction management.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is an outbreak?

A

increase in occurrence where disease never experienced before

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

epidemic?

A

group of illness similar in nature from a common source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How to prevent an epidemic?

A

insure poor countries against threat of pandemic, funds where outbreaks occur, vaccines, planned response, monitor disease for future.

30
Q

What does WHO do in public health?

A

provide leadership, shape research agenda, setting norms and promoting standards, provide technical support and monitor health situations and trends

31
Q

some ways to intervene with HIV/AIDS

A

blood donor screening, condoms at affordable prices, peer education (high risk groups), safe sexual behaviour, treatment of STD’s, increased testing

32
Q

3 determinants of effective outcomes of intervention

A

economics- most developing countries spend little money on healthcare
priorities- what is cost- effective?
setting- depending on political openness

33
Q

2 most effective developments in population protection?

A

clean drinking water, vaccines

34
Q

3 things required for a disease to be eradicated using vaccination?

A

Human= only resorvoir
consequence of infection is very high
scientific and political prioritisation.

35
Q

2 main diseases eradicated

A

smallpox, polio

36
Q

herd immunity facts (3)

A

protects whole population
only applies human-human
disease may be eradicated even if some susceptible.

37
Q

what is R0?

A

basic reproduction rate

average number of individuals directly infected by 1 invective case in TOTALLY SUSCEPTIBLE POPULATION

38
Q

factors affecting R0?

A

rate of contacts in host populations
probability of infection being transmitted
infective duration

39
Q

what is effective reproduction rate (R)?

A

estimation of average number of secondary cases per infectious case in a population of both susceptible and non- susceptible.

40
Q

how to calculate effective reproductive rate (R)?

A

R= R0x X (number susceptible to disease)

41
Q

what does R value mean?

A

below 1, cases decreases (needs to be maintained)
1= epidemic threshold
more than 1, cases increasing

42
Q

equation for herd immunity?

A

H= (R0-1)/R0

43
Q

WHO’s role in vaccination?

A

makes recommendations on policy.

supports less able countries with strategy implementation

44
Q

3 international immunization programs?

A

EPI- expanded programme on immunizisation
GPEI- global polio eradication initiative
GAVI- global alliance for vaccines and immunisation

45
Q

what is the population vs individual interest debate? (vaccines)

A

individual- protection by herd immunity is safest option

population- avoidance of vaccine leads to diminishing herd immunity

46
Q

2 websites for travel vaccine info?

A

NHS fit for travel

National travel and health network and centre

47
Q

3 diseases for private vaccination?

A

Hep B, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, TB

48
Q

5 most common cancers (incidence) in UK

A 
1. Breast/ prostate
2, lung
3. bowel
4. melanoma
5. Non- hodgkin lymphoma
49
Q

5 most common cancer mortalities in UK

A
  1. lung
  2. bowel
  3. prostate/ breast
  4. pancreas
  5. oesophagus
50
Q

Most common cancer in children

A

leukaemias

51
Q

cancer mortality UK compared to 3rd world

A

UK= 29%- higher than developing

52
Q

ABCDE method of bad news?

A 
Advanced preparation
building relationships
communicating well
dealing with patient reactions
encourage and validate emotions
53
Q

SPIKES method of breaking bad news?

A 
Setting up
perceptions
invitation
knowledge
emotions
strategy and summary
54
Q

2 conclusions and consequences of Eurocare II report?

A

cancer survival in 80s and 90s UK were one of worst in Europe
Expert advisory group formed generating the calman- Hine report

55
Q

what were the conclusions of the Calman- Hine report?

A

examined cancer cervices and restructured services to achieve more equitable access
all patients have uniform high quality care
earlier symptom spotting and should be patient centred

56
Q

The Calman- Hine solution?

A

3 levels of care-
primary
cancer units in district general (2), common cancers, diagnostic procedures
cancer centres (3) rare cancers, radio and chemo

57
Q

what is a national service framework?

A

national standards and define service model. Put in programs to promote this and give timescales for change

58
Q

Main aims of NHS cancer plan (2000)

A

save more lives, ensure right professional support, tackle health inequality, build for the future (research)

59
Q

6 key areas for the cancer reform strategy

A 
prevention- smoking, obesity etc
diagnosis early
ensure better treatment
living with and beyond cancer
reducing cancer inequalities
delivering care in most appropriate setting (local)
60
Q

3 cancers that can be screened for?

A

cervical, breast, bowel

61
Q

4 main outcomes for improving outcomes: a strategy for cancer

A

prevention and early diagnosis
QoL and patient experience
better treatments
reducing inequality

62
Q

Outcomes form the independent cancer taskforce?

A

spearhead radical upgrade in prevention

nation ambition for early diagnosis

63
Q

what is a biographical distribution?

A

chronic illness leads to loss of confidence in the body

from this follows a loss of confidence in social interaction/ self identity

64
Q

3 ethical theories?

A

consequentalism- correct moral response related to outcome
deontology- rules
virtue ethics- moral characters

65
Q

why may an argument be invalid?

A

different premises may express different concepts
confusing necessary with sufficient
insensitive to the way in which claims are qulified

66
Q

why may argument be unsound?

A

argument is invalid
valid argument but a premise is false (opinion/ claim)
does not mean unsound conclusion

67
Q

What is straw man fallacy?

A

ignoring persons position and substituting it for a misinterpreted version

68
Q

Ab hominenms meaning?

A

directed against a person rather then position maintaining

69
Q

what is a deductive argument?

A

purely logic, “this means this, therefore this means this” (maths)

70
Q

moral argument?

A

seek to support a moral claim, argument need not succeed but must provide supporting reasons (ethics)

71
Q

what is an inductive argument

A

making argument based on observation, more probably conclusions (may not have seen everything however) (physics)

Health and Society (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions