B9 Flashcards
Waste products from aerobic respiration
Carbon dioxide
Water
How muscle cells impact aerobic respiration
More muscle cells mean more mitochondria requiring fuel for aerobic respiration
Role of the cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is where enzymes are made and is the location of reactions in anaerobic respiration.
Role of the nucleus
Holds genetic code for enzymes involved in respiration
Role of mitochondrion
Contains the enzymes for aerobic respiration
How is the mitochondria adapted for aerobic respiration?
They have a folded inner membrane providing a large surface area for the enzymes involved in aerobic respiration.
Extra needs of respiration
Energy is transferred to break larger molecules into smaller molecules, in digestion and the cells themselves.
On cold days energy transferred from respiration helps you to keep warm, while on hot days you transfer energy to your surroundings to keep you cool.
In plants, respiration energy is used to move mineral ions from the soil into the root hair cells and converts sugars and nutrients into amino acids, which build up as proteins
How do muscles work using respiration?
1)Muscle tissue has protein fibres that contract when energy is transferred from aerobic respiration and contain mitochondria to do this. Muscle fibres occur in big blocks which contract to cause movement, before relaxing which allows other muscles to work.
2)Muscles also store glucose as the carbohydrate glycogen, which can be converted back into glucose using exercise and glucose transfers the energy from aerobic respiration to make the muscles contract.
How is your muscular activity impacted by exercise?
1)Your heart rate increases and the arteries supplying blood to your muscles widen, increasing the flow of oxygenated blood into your muscles.
2) Glycogen in the muscles is converted back into glucose, to support the cells with fuel for cellular respiration.
How does fitness affect anaerobic respiration?
If you’re fit, your heart and lungs keep a good supply of oxygen going into your muscles.
If you’re unfit, your muscles run short of oxygen much sooner.
Anaerobic respiration in yeast cells
Fermentation
Metabolism
Sum of all the enzyme-controlled reactions/processes in a cell/body, requires energy transferred by respiration
Examples of metabolic reactions
The conversion of glucose to starch, glucose to glycogen(a store of glucose in the muscles for respiration), and glucose tp cellulose.
Glucose is broken down in respiration:The energy released from glucose is needed to synthesise new molecules and maintain the body temperature.
The use of glucose and nitrate ions to form amino acids that make proteins, which are needed for hormones and enzymes to catalyse reactions
Photosynthesis reactions
Liver metabolic functions
Detoxifying poisonous substances
Passing breakdown products into blood to be excreted by urine via the kidneys
Breaking down old, worn out blood cells and storing the iron until it can synthesise more blood cells
Liver functions/structure
Hepatic portal vein carries blood with digested food from intestines to liver
Hepatic artery brings oxygenated blood to the liver
Hepatic vein carries blood from liver to heart with levels of food adjusted
