B7

Question 1

Communicable diseases

Answer 1

Pneumonia
HIV/Aids
Diarrhoea

Question 2

Non-communicable diseases

Answer 2

Coronary heart disease
Stroke
COPD
Trachea bronchus, lung infections
Diabetes mellitus
Road injury
Hypertensive

Question 3

Substances in the environment that could cause disease

Answer 3

Ionising radiation
UV Light from the sun
Second-hand tobacco smoke

Question 4

A tumour

Answer 4

A tunour forms when control of the cell cycle, where the cells in your body divide on a regular basis in a set sequence,is lost and the cells grow in an abnormal, uncontrolled way

Question 5

Tumour

Answer 5

A mass of abnormally growing cells

Question 6

Where are benign tumours comtained?

Answer 6

In one particular part of the body, they are life-threatening as there is no extra space for them to grow into

Question 7

How do malignant tumours work?

Answer 7

1)The initial tumour may split up, releasing small clumps of cells into the bloodstream or lymphatic system.
2)They circulate and are carried to different parts of the body where they may lodge another organ.
3)They continue their uncontrolled division and form secondary tumours.

Question 8

What tumour is cancer?

Answer 8

A malignant tumour cell

Question 9

Causes of cancer

Answer 9

Viral infections(e.g. HPV causes cervical cancer)
Genetic risk factors(e.g. early breast cancer and ovarian cancer)
Mutations - changes in the genetic material
Ionising radiation(e.g. UV light and x-rays)

Question 10

What is radiotherapy?

Answer 10

When the cancer cells are destroyed by targeted doses of radiation

Question 11

What is chemotherapy

Answer 11

Where chemicals are used to either stop the cancer cells dividing or make them self-destruct

Question 12

What is the effect of tobacco smoke on the cilia

Answer 12

The cilia in the trachea and bronchi stops working, allowing dirt and pathogens into the lungs and mucus to build up, causing coughing and the risk of infections

Question 13

Tar

Answer 13

A sticky black chemical that makes smokes more likely to develop bronchitis(inflammation/infection of the bronchi) and causes a breakdown in the structure of the alveoli, leading to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and reducing the surface area to volume ratio of the lungs(meaning breathlessness and death)

Question 14

Health problems due to obesity

Answer 14

Type 2 Diabetes
High blood pressure
Heart disease

Question 15

What diseases can exercise prevent?

Answer 15

Type 2 Diabetes
Arthritis
Heart disease
Diabetes
High blood pressure

Question 16

Why does exercise help keep you healthy?

Answer 16

More muscle tissue increasing the metabolic rate so you’re less likely to be overweight(reduces risk of arthritis, diabetes and high blood pressure).
The food you eat transfers energy to your muscles as they work from respiration, so the amount of exercise you do affects the amount of respiration in your muscles.
Heart develops better blood supply
Lowers blood cholesterol, helps balance types of chokesterol and reduces risk of fatty deposits building on the coronary arteries

Question 17

What occurs in type 2 diabetes

Answer 17

Your body doesn’t make insulin to control blood sugar levels/cells stop responding to insulin, meaning problems with circulation, kidney function and eyesight

Question 18

Consequences of alcohol

Answer 18

Alcohol is poisonous, but the liver can usually remove it before permanent damage. Alcohol is also very addictive.
It affects the nervous system, thought processes/reflexes/reactions slower than normal
People relaxed and cheerful
Lack of self-control and judgement
Reduced inhibitions
If dose is too high, it can mean unconsciousness, coma and death
Brain damage - brain is so soft and pulpy that the normal brain structures are lost and it can’t function
Is a carcinogen - can cause liver cancer, which is difficult to treat. People may develop cirrhosis of the liver, a disease destroying the liver tissue, the active liver cells are replaced with scar tissue that can’t carry out vital functions.

Question 19

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 19

A baby in a pregnant women who drinks alcohol ending up with facial deformities, teeth/jaw/hearing problems, kidney, liver and heart problems as well as other learning problems. This is because the developing liver can’t cope with alcohol.

Question 20

Ionising radiation

Answer 20

Ionising radiation in the form of different types of electromagnetic waves is a well-known carcinogen as radiation penetrates the cells and danages the chromosomes, causing mutations in the DNA that make cancer develop. Breathing radioactive materials into the lungs enables the ionising radiation to penetrate directly into the cells.

Question 21

Sources of ionising radiation

Answer 21

Ultraviolet light from the sun- increases risk of skin cancers like melanoma(protection includes sunscreen and sensible clothing)
Radioactive materials in the soil, water and air
Medical and dental x-rays
Accidents in nuclear power generation e.g. the one in Chernobyl, Ukraine in 1986, which can spread ionising radiation over widespread areas.

Question 22

How do chemicals in tobacco smoke cause damage to body cells?

Answer 22

Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas found in tobacco smoke - taking the oxygen-carrying capacity in your blood. Smokers can easily become breathless and if a mother who smokes has blood which carries carbon monoxide, the fetus won’t get oxygen to grow properly. This leads to premature births, low birthweight babies and stillbirths(where the baby is born dead).

Question 23

What cancers can tar cause?

Answer 23

Lung cancer
Throat cancer
Larynx cancer
Trachea cancer

Question 24

What is the impact of chemicals in tobacco smoke on the heart and blood vessels?

Answer 24

Smoking narrows the blood vessels in your skin.
Nicotine increases the heart rate, while other chemicals damage the arteries’ lining. This makes coronary heart disease more likely, andmit increases the risk of clot formation.
The mixture of chemicals in cigarette smoke also leads to an increase in blood pressure.
Overall, these effects increase the risk of suffering cardiovascular diseases.

Question 25

How does alcohol enter the body?

Answer 25

After an alcoholic drink, the ethanol is absorbed into the blood from the gut and passes easily into the body tissues, including the brain.

Question 26

How does alcohol pass from a pregnant woman to a foetus?

Answer 26

If a pregnant woman drinks alcohol, it passes across the placenta to the developing baby.

Question 27

Why might pancreatic cancer may cause a person to lose weight

Answer 27

No enzyme production means food isn’t broken down, less sugar passes into the bloodstream, so less glucose available in respiration, more fat used up in respiration