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GCSE Edexcel Biology > B7 - Animal Coordination, Control and Homeostasis > Flashcards

B7 - Animal Coordination, Control and Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

Define

hormones.

A

chemicals which are released directly into the blood

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2
Q

Define

endorcine glands.

A

the glands that produce and secrete hormones

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3
Q

What are the 6 endorcine glands that you need to know?

A
  1. pituitary gland
  2. thyroid gland
  3. adrenal gland
  4. pancreas
  5. ovaries
  6. testes
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4
Q

What is the difference in action speed between

neurones and hormones?

A

neurones - very fast action
hormones - slower action

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5
Q

What is the difference between duration of action between

neurones and hormones?

A

neurones - act for a very short time
hormones - act for a long time

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6
Q

What is the difference between area acted on between

neurones and hormones?

A

neurones - act on a very precise area
hormones - act in a more general way

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7
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

just above the kidneys

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8
Q

What hormone do the adrenal glands release?

A

adrenalin

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9
Q

What two areas does adrenalin bind to the receptors of?

A
  • heart
  • liver
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10
Q

How does adrenalin affect the

heart?

and why?

A

it causes the heart muscle to contract more frequently and with more force, so heart rate and blood pressure increase

this increases blood flow to the muscles, so the cells receive more oxygen and glucose for increased respiration

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11
Q

How does adrenalin affect the

liver?

and why?

A

it causes the liver to break down its glycogen stores to release glucose

this increases the blood glucose level, so there’s more glucose in the blood to be transported to the cells

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12
Q

What hormone does the thyroid gland release?

A

thyroxine

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13
Q

What occurs when the blood thyroxine level is lower than normal?

(3 steps)

A
  1. The hypothalamus is stimulated to release TRH.
  2. TRH stimulates the pituitary gland to release TSH.
  3. TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroxine, so the blood thyroxine level rises back towards normal

(the opposite occurs when levels rise above normal)

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14
Q

Define

menstrual cycle.

A

the monthly sequence of events in which the female body releases and egg and prepares the uterus in case the egg is fertilised

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15
Q

What occurs during stage 1 of the menstrual cycle?

and how long is this stage?

A

menstruation starts
the lining of the uterus breaks down and is released

4 days long (on average)

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16
Q

What occurs during stage 2 of the menstrual cycle?

and how long is this stage?

A

the uterus lining is repaired until it becomes a thick spongy layer full of blood vessels ready for a fertilised egg to implant there

10 days long (on average)

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17
Q

What occurs during stage 3 of the menstrual cycle?

A

an egg develops and is released from the ovary

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18
Q

What occurs during stage 4 of the menstrual cycle?

and how long is this stage?

A

the uterus lining is maintained for about 14 days
if no fertilised egg has landed on the uterus wall by day 28, the spongy lining starts to break down again and the whole cycle starts over

14 days long (on average)

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19
Q

Define

ovulation.

A

the release of an egg from the ovary

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20
Q

What are the 4 key hormones in the

menstrual cycle?

A
  • FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
  • Oestrogen
  • LH (luteinising hormone)
  • Progesterone
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21
Q

What gland is FSH released from?

A

the pituitary gland

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22
Q

What gland is oestrogen released from?

A

the ovaries

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23
Q

What gland is LH released from?

A

the pituitary gland

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24
Q

What gland is progesterone released from?

A

the corpes luteum

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25
Q

Define

follicle.

A

an egg and its surrounding cells

26
Q

What does FSH do?

(2 things)

A
  • causes a follicle to mature in one of the ovaries
  • stimulates oestrogen production
27
Q

What does oestrogen do?

(2 things)

A
  • causes the lining of the uterus to thicken and grow
  • stimulates a rapid increase of LH (at a high level)
28
Q

What does LH do?

(2 things)

A
  • stimulates ovulation - the follicle ruptures and the egg is released
  • stimulates the remains of the follicle to develop into a structure called a corpus luteum
29
Q

What does progesterone do?

(2 things)

A
  • maintains the lining of the uterus
  • inhibits the release of FSH and LH
30
Q

What does the drug clomifene do to help fertility?

A

it causes more FSH and LH to be released

(these stimulate egg maturation and ovulation)

31
Q

What is the IVF process?

(5 steps)

A
  1. FSH and LH are given to a woman to stimulate egg production.
  2. Some eggs from the woman’s ovaries are collected.
  3. These are fertilised in a lab using the man’s sperm.
  4. These are then grown into embryos.
  5. Once the embryos are tiny balls of cells, one or two of them are transferred to the woman’s uterus to improve the chance of pregnancy.
32
Q

Define

Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART).

A

a fertility treatment that involved eggs being handled (and usually fertilised) outside of the body

IVF is an example of this

33
Q

How can oestrogen be used as a contraceptive?

A

it prevents the release of an egg if taken every day because permanently high levels of oestrogen inhibits the production of FSH

(so, after a while, egg development and production stop)

34
Q

How can progesterone be used as a contraceptive?

A

it reduces fertility by stimulating the production of thick cervical mucus

(this prevents and sperm getting through the cervix and reaching an egg)

35
Q

What are some positives of

hormonal methods of contraception?

(2)

A
  • they are generally (when used correctly) more effective at preventing pregnancy than barrier methods
  • the couple don’t have to stop and think about contraception each time they intercourse
36
Q

What are some negatives of

hormonal methods of contraception?

(2)

A
  • they can have unpleasant side-effects
  • they don’t protect against STIs
37
Q

What are three examples of

homeostasis?

A
  1. Osmoregulation (regulating water content)
  2. Thermoregulation (regulating body temperature)
  3. Blood glucose regulation
38
Q

What occurs to stabilise blood glucose concentration when the

blood glucose concentration is too high?

(3 steps)

A
  1. Insulin is secreted by the pancreas.
  2. This makes the liver turn glucose into glycogen.
  3. So more glucose moves from blood into liver and muscle cells.
39
Q

What occurs to stabilise blood glucose concentration when the

blood glucose concentration is too low?

(3 steps)

A
  1. Glucagon is secreted by the pancreas.
  2. This makes the liver turn glycogen into glucose.
  3. This glucose is released into blood by the liver.
40
Q

What is

type 1 diabetes?

and what can this lead to?

A

a condition where the pancreas produces very little or no insulin

a person’s blood glucose can rise to a level that can kill them

41
Q

How can type 1 diabetes be ‘treated’?

A

Insulin therapy:
insulin is regularly injected into fatty tissue where it will enter the bloodstream

(e.g. at mealtimes)

42
Q

What is

type 2 diabetes?

A

a condition where a person becomes resistant to insulin

so blood glucose level rises

43
Q

What is the formula for

BMI?

A

mass (kg) / height (m) ^2

44
Q

What is the formula for

waist to hip ratio?

A

waist circumference (cm) / hip circumference (cm)

45
Q

What waist to hip ratios would be associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes?

A

1 for males
and
0.85 for females

46
Q

How can type 2 diabetes be controlled?

(5 ways)

A
  • eating a healthy diet
  • getting regular exercise
  • losing weight
  • medication
  • insulin injections
47
Q

What should our

core body temperature be?

A

37°C

48
Q

What occurs when you are

too hot?

(3 things)

A
  • erector muscles relax (so hairs lie flat)
  • lots of sweat is produced in sweat glands
  • blood vessels close to the surface of the skin dilate (widen)
49
Q

How does

sweat work to cool you down?

A

when the sweat evaporates it transfers energy from your skin to the environment, cooling you down

50
Q

What is

vasodilation?

and what does this do?

A

when blood vessels close to the surface of your skin dilate (widen)

it allows more blood to flow near the surface so it can transfer more energy into the surroundings, which cools you down

51
Q

What occurs when you are

too cold?

(4 things)

A
  • erector muscles contract (hairs stand on end to trap an insulating layer of air near the surface of the skin, which helps keep you warm)
  • very little sweat is produced
  • blood vessles near the surface of the skin constrict (vasoconstriction)
  • you shiver (your muscles contract automatically)
52
Q

How does

shivering work to warm you up?

A

this increases your rate of respiration, which transfers more energy to warm the body

53
Q

What are the

three main roles of kidneys?

A
  1. Remove urea from the blood
  2. Adjust the ion levels in the blood
  3. Adjust the water content of the blood
54
Q

What happens in each

nephron of a kidney?

(3 steps) (good luck with this one)

A
  1. The liquid part of the blood is forced out of the glomerulus and into the Bowman’s capsule at high pressure (ultrafiltration). Bigger molecules and blood cells can’t pass through the membranes and are not forced out.
  2. As the liquid flows along the nephron useful substances are reabsorbed. (e.g. glucose, sufficient ions, sufficient water)
  3. Whatever isn’t reabsorbed continues out of the nephron via the collecting duct. It then passes into the ureter and down to the bladder as urine. Urine is released through the urethra.
55
Q

State the

journey of urine.

(starting from the renal artery) (10 stages)

A
  1. Renal artery
  2. Glomerulus
  3. Bowman’s capsule
  4. Proximal convoluted tubule
  5. Loop of Henle
  6. Distal convoluted tubule
  7. Collecting duct
  8. Ureter
  9. Bladder
  10. Urethra
56
Q

What is the role of

ADH?

and what does it stand for?

A

to control the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidney nephrons

anti-diuretic hormone

57
Q

How is

water content regulated?

(3 steps)

A
  1. The brain monitors the water content of the blood.
  2. It instructs the pituitary gland to release ADH into the blood according to how much is needed.
  3. ADH makes the collecting ducts of the nephrons more permeable so that more water is reabsorbed back into the blood.
57
Q

What gland is

ADH released from?

A

the pituitary gland

58
Q

What cures are there for

kidney disease?

A

kidney transplant

59
Q

What precautions are taken to

reduce the risk of a donor kidney being rejected by the patient’s immune system?

(2 things)

A
  • a donor with a tissue type that closely matches the patient is chosen
  • the patient is treated with drugs that suppress the immune system, so that their immune system won’t attack the transplanted kidney

GCSE Edexcel Biology (10 decks)

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