B2 - Cells and Control Flashcards

1
Q

Define

chromosone.

A

a coiled up length of DNA molecules

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2
Q

What is a

diploid cell?

A

a cell which has two copies of each chromosone

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3
Q

What is

mitosis

used for?

A
  • growth in multicellular organisms
  • replacing cells that have been damaged in multicellular organisms
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4
Q

Define

asexual reproduction.

A

the use of mitosis to reproduce

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5
Q

What are the

main stages of the cell cycle?

(6 stages)

A

International - Interphase
Propaganda - Prophase
Makes - Metaphase
Animals - Anaphase
Telecommunicate - Telophase
Cylently - Cytokinesis

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6
Q

What occurs during

interphase?

(2 things)

A
  • the cell grows and increases the amount of subcellular structures (e.g. mitochondria and ribosomes)
  • the DNA is duplicated and forms X-shaped chromosones

each ‘arm’ (chromatid) of the chromosone is an exact duplicate of the other

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7
Q

What are the

four stages of mitosis?

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
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8
Q

What occurs during

prophase?

(2 things)

A
  • the chromosones condense, getting shorter and fatter
  • the membrane around the nucleus breaks down and the chromosones lie free in the cytoplasm
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9
Q

What occurs during

metaphase?

(1 thing)

A

the chromosones line up at the centre of the cell

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10
Q

What occurs during

anaphase?

A
  • spindle fibres pull the chromosones apart
  • the chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of the cell
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11
Q

What occurs during

telophase?

(2 things)

A
  • membranes form around each of the sets of chromosones
  • cytokinesis occurs

these become the nuclei of the two new cells - the nucleus has divided

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12
Q

What occurs during

cytokinesis?

A

the cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form two separate cells

(this is part of telophase)

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13
Q

What is produced at the end of

mitosis?

A

two genetically identical diploid daughter cells which are genetically identical to the parent cell

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