B7

Question 1

non-communicable disease

Answer 1

a disease not capable of being spread from one person to another

Question 2

Risk factor

Answer 2

something that increases the likelihood of developing disease or injury

Question 3

poor diet (over eating or under eating)

Answer 3

depresses the body’s immune system, leading to malnourishment, obesity, brittle bones and type 2 diabetes

Question 4

smoking

Answer 4

Causes lung disease, various cancers and coronary heart disease

Question 5

alcohol consumption

Answer 5

Causes liver and kidney damage, mental health issues and preserves cells to kill them

Question 6

lack of exercise

Answer 6

causes obesity, weakened muscles and reduced strength and heart disease

Question 7

unsafe sex

Answer 7

Can cause pregnancy, HIV and other STIs and STDs

Question 8

financial costs of non-communicable diseases

Answer 8

Diseases will have an economic impact if a wage earner becomes ill and cannot work. Tax payers often bear the cost of supporting people who are ill, formally through taxes. Disease costs nations huge sums of money by treating people and the loss of money earned when large numbers of the population are ill

Question 9

Cancer

Answer 9

any uncontrolled growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division. Cell DNA is damaged during the multiplication of the cell and these cells can sometimes sneak through a checkpoint which then multiply to form a tumour.

Question 10

benign tumour

Answer 10

Tumours which grow and get bigger but do not affect any other parts in the area as the cells are contained in a membrane and do not actively affect any other tissues

Question 11

malignant tumour

Answer 11

Tumours which are not contained in a membrane and spread which can actively work against other cells as they can be transported around the body through the bloodstream

Question 12

Well-known causes of cancer

Answer 12

-smoking: tars in cigarettes
-x-rays: UV radiation
-uranium: radiation from nuclear waste
-alcohol: preserves and damages cell DNA

Question 13

radiotherapy

Answer 13

Cancer cells destroyed by a dose of radiation as mitosis of the cancer cells are stopped but can also damage healthy cells

Question 14

chemotherapy

Answer 14

Chemicals are used to either stop the cells dividing or to make them ‘self-destruct’

Question 15

Mutation

Answer 15

a random error in gene replication that leads to a change

Question 16

Carcinogen

Answer 16

A cancer-causing substance

Question 17

Contents of a Cigarette

Answer 17

Tar (mixture of chemicals including carcinogens), carbon monoxide and nicotine

Question 18

Heart disease

Answer 18

Cardiovascular system works harder than it should as arteries are covered in fatty deposits and blood pressure increases

Question 19

Negative impacts of smoking

Answer 19

-cardiovascular problems
-increased risk of blood clots
-increased heart rate and damage of artery lining
-arteries are narrowed as fatty deposits build up on walls

Question 20

Smoking and the lungs

Answer 20

Chemicals in cigarettes can anaesthetise the cilia in the trachea and bronchi which allows pathogens and dirt to enter the lungs and can cause an infection

Question 21

bronchitis

Answer 21

inflammation of the bronchi when tar accumulates in the lungs turning them grey

Question 22

carbon monoxide poisoning

Answer 22

Carbon monoxide binds with haemoglobin in red blood cells and takes up some of the oxygen carrying-capacity in the blood which leads to a shortage of oxygen

Question 23

Smoking and pregnancy

Answer 23

A foetus relies on the mother for oxygen and if there is carbon monoxide is the mother’s blood the foetus doesn’t receive enough oxygen to develop properly. This can lead to low birth weights, premature births or still births

Question 24

metabolic rate

Answer 24

the rate at which the body uses energy (ie. the faster the metabolic rate the faster chemical reactions occur in the body which demands more energy)

Question 25

Benefits of exercise

Answer 25

-controls weight -builds muscle tissue -releases endorphins -increases metabolism -enlarges lungs

Question 26

Problems with being overweight

Answer 26

-increased risk of cardiovascular disease -fat in arteries -arthritis -type 2 diabetes -high blood pressure -low metabolic rate

Question 27

Benedict's test for diabetes

Answer 27

If glucose is present then blue solution will turn from green through yellow to orange or brick red (qualitative test)

Question 28

type 2 diabetes

Answer 28

Body cells do not respond to insulin or body does not produce sufficient insulin

Question 29

Liver disease caused by alcohol

Answer 29

Cirrhosis of the liver which destroys the liver tissue and the cells are replaced with scar tissue which cant carry out vital functions.

Question 30

alcohol and pregnancy

Answer 30

-Alcohol can cause miscarriages, still births, premature births and low birthweights -developing livers cannot cope with alcohol like an adult liver -babies may be born with deformities and/or learning disabilities

Question 31

Alcohol impacts on the brain

Answer 31

Brain becomes soft and pulpy so its structures are lost and can no longer function properly

Question 32

Ionising radiation

Answer 32

Carcinogen which penetrates of the cells to damage chromosomes, leading to mutations in the DNA which can lead to cancer

Question 33

UV light and effects on living tissue

Answer 33

-found in the sun and tanning beds -increases risk of mutations and skin cancer

Question 34

Radioactive materials and effects on living tissue

Answer 34

-found in the soil, water and air -causes mutations in deeper tissues

Question 35

Medical and dental X-rays and effects on living tissue

Answer 35

-found in hospitals and dental surgeries -causes cancer in organs -penetrate deep into tissues

Question 36

Nuclear power plant accidents and effects on living tissue

Answer 36

-found in nuclear power stations and surrounding areas -spreads in air -causes mutations in deeper tissue -contaminates food and water supplies