B7 Flashcards
non-communicable disease
a disease not capable of being spread from one person to another
Risk factor
something that increases the likelihood of developing disease or injury
poor diet (over eating or under eating)
depresses the body’s immune system, leading to malnourishment, obesity, brittle bones and type 2 diabetes
smoking
Causes lung disease, various cancers and coronary heart disease
alcohol consumption
Causes liver and kidney damage, mental health issues and preserves cells to kill them
lack of exercise
causes obesity, weakened muscles and reduced strength and heart disease
unsafe sex
Can cause pregnancy, HIV and other STIs and STDs
financial costs of non-communicable diseases
Diseases will have an economic impact if a wage earner becomes ill and cannot work. Tax payers often bear the cost of supporting people who are ill, formally through taxes. Disease costs nations huge sums of money by treating people and the loss of money earned when large numbers of the population are ill
Cancer
any uncontrolled growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division. Cell DNA is damaged during the multiplication of the cell and these cells can sometimes sneak through a checkpoint which then multiply to form a tumour.
benign tumour
Tumours which grow and get bigger but do not affect any other parts in the area as the cells are contained in a membrane and do not actively affect any other tissues
malignant tumour
Tumours which are not contained in a membrane and spread which can actively work against other cells as they can be transported around the body through the bloodstream
Well-known causes of cancer
-smoking: tars in cigarettes
-x-rays: UV radiation
-uranium: radiation from nuclear waste
-alcohol: preserves and damages cell DNA
radiotherapy
Cancer cells destroyed by a dose of radiation as mitosis of the cancer cells are stopped but can also damage healthy cells
chemotherapy
Chemicals are used to either stop the cells dividing or to make them ‘self-destruct’
Mutation
a random error in gene replication that leads to a change
Carcinogen
A cancer-causing substance
Contents of a Cigarette
Tar (mixture of chemicals including carcinogens), carbon monoxide and nicotine
Heart disease
Cardiovascular system works harder than it should as arteries are covered in fatty deposits and blood pressure increases
Negative impacts of smoking
-cardiovascular problems
-increased risk of blood clots
-increased heart rate and damage of artery lining
-arteries are narrowed as fatty deposits build up on walls
Smoking and the lungs
Chemicals in cigarettes can anaesthetise the cilia in the trachea and bronchi which allows pathogens and dirt to enter the lungs and can cause an infection
bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchi when tar accumulates in the lungs turning them grey
carbon monoxide poisoning
Carbon monoxide binds with haemoglobin in red blood cells and takes up some of the oxygen carrying-capacity in the blood which leads to a shortage of oxygen
Smoking and pregnancy
A foetus relies on the mother for oxygen and if there is carbon monoxide is the mother’s blood the foetus doesn’t receive enough oxygen to develop properly. This can lead to low birth weights, premature births or still births
metabolic rate
the rate at which the body uses energy (ie. the faster the metabolic rate the faster chemical reactions occur in the body which demands more energy)
Benefits of exercise
-controls weight
-builds muscle tissue
-releases endorphins
-increases metabolism
-enlarges lungs
Problems with being overweight
-increased risk of cardiovascular disease
-fat in arteries
-arthritis
-type 2 diabetes
-high blood pressure
-low metabolic rate
Benedict’s test for diabetes
If glucose is present then blue solution will turn from green through yellow to orange or brick red (qualitative test)
type 2 diabetes
Body cells do not respond to insulin or body does not produce sufficient insulin
Liver disease caused by alcohol
Cirrhosis of the liver which destroys the liver tissue and the cells are replaced with scar tissue which cant carry out vital functions.
alcohol and pregnancy
-Alcohol can cause miscarriages, still births, premature births and low birthweights
-developing livers cannot cope with alcohol like an adult liver
-babies may be born with deformities and/or learning disabilities
Alcohol impacts on the brain
Brain becomes soft and pulpy so its structures are lost and can no longer function properly
Ionising radiation
Carcinogen which penetrates of the cells to damage chromosomes, leading to mutations in the DNA which can lead to cancer
UV light and effects on living tissue
-found in the sun and tanning beds
-increases risk of mutations and skin cancer
Radioactive materials and effects on living tissue
-found in the soil, water and air
-causes mutations in deeper tissues
Medical and dental X-rays and effects on living tissue
-found in hospitals and dental surgeries
-causes cancer in organs
-penetrate deep into tissues
Nuclear power plant accidents and effects on living tissue
-found in nuclear power stations and surrounding areas
-spreads in air
-causes mutations in deeper tissue
-contaminates food and water supplies
