B6.3 - 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What is a risk factor?
A
- things that increase a person’s chance of getting that disease
- often related to person’s lifestyle or substance in environment or genetic predisposition for a disease (e.g inheriting particular mutated alleles increases your risk of developing coronary heart disease)
2
Q
What makes you more susceptible to cancer?
A
- inheriting faulty genes
- the genes alone don’t mean you will get cancer but the chance is increase if you have other risk factors too such as poor diet, high alcohol consumption and smoking
3
Q
How are risk factors identified by scientists?
A
- looking for correlations for data birth it doesn’t always equal cause
- sometimes a link factor is linked to another which usually causes the disease
- e.g lack of exercise and high fat diet are linked to increase chance of CVD but they can’t cause it directly but instead, the high blood pressure and high ‘bad’ cholesterol levels that can actually cause it
- e.g smoking can cause lung cancer and lung disease
4
Q
How does exercise effect the risk of non-communicable diseases?
A
- exercise increase amount of energy used by body and decrease the amount of stored body fat
- build muscle which boosts metabolic rate so people who exercise are less likely to suffer from health problems such as obesity and CVD
- lack of exercise increases risk of CVD and increases blood pressure
5
Q
How does obesity effect the risk of non-communicable diseases?
A
- eating too much = obesity (more than 20% of max recommended body mass)
- can lead to type 2 diabetes, CVD and high BP
- too much saturated fat = increase blood cholesterol level and cholesterol is an essential lipid that body produces to function properly
- too much cholesterol = bad/LDL cholesterol can cause fatty deposits in arteries = leads to coronary heat disease
6
Q
How does malnutrition effect the risk of non-communicable diseases?
A
- eating too little = suffer from lack of food
- malnutrition (badly out of balance diets) can cause slow growth (in kids), fatigue, poor resistance to infection and irregular periods (in women )
- deficiency disease are caused by lad, of vitamins or minerals e.g lack of vitamin C = scurvy (cause by problems with skin, joints and gum)
7
Q
How does alcohol lead to non-communicable diseases?
A
- is poisonous as it’s broken down by enzymes in the liver and some of the products are to toxic
- contains alcohol which effects the nervous system
- depressant so slows down the body’s reactions
- recommenced 2 units/day for women
8
Q
What are the short term effects of alcohol?
A
- blurred vision
- loss of balance
- slowed reaction times
- change in behaviour
9
Q
What are the long term effects of alcohol?
A
- healthy liver is replaced with fat/fibrous tissue so liver is less effective at removing body toxins, which can cause death of liver cells, forming scar tissue that stops blood from reaching liver = cirrhosis
- can increase blood pressure = lead to CVD (heart disease)
- many cancers (mouth, throat, bowel and liver) linked to alcohol as toxic products damage DNA and a use cells to divide faster than normal
- stomach ulcers
- brain damage
10
Q
How does alcohol smoking to non-communicable diseases?
A
- tobacco has 4,000 chem out of which 43 are known carcinogens (cancer causing) and 400 other toxins
- burning cigarettes produce nicotine (makes it addictive) and also produces CO, tar and particulates
11
Q
What are the affects of tar, CO, particulates and nicotine?
A
- tar collects in the lungs (carcinogens)
- nicotine = makes heart beat faster and narrows blood vessels (effects the nervous system)
- CO = attaches to haemoglobin so less O2 is transported making the heart work harder
- particulates = small pieces of solid that are engulfed by WBC and release an enzyme which weakens alveoli walls leading to emphysema
12
Q
What are the long term affects of smoking?
A
- CVD - CO reduces O2 capacity of blood and if cardiac muscle doesn’t get enough O2 = heart attack and nicotine increases heart rate so higher blood pressure = more risk of CVD
- lung throat, mouth and oesophageal cancer-carcinogens from tar make mutations in DNA more likely which lead to uncontrolled cell division
- lung diseases (chronic bronchitis) - cigarette smoke causes inflammation of lining to bronchi and bronchioles (tubes in lungs) which = permanent damage (symptoms = persist cough and breathing problems)
- smoking when pregnant = health problems for unborn baby
13
Q
How do lifestyle factors cause different trends of non communicable diseases globally?
A
- non communicable disease = more common in developed countries (higher income) but now more common in developing
- lack of exercise and higher alcohol consumption are associated with higher income
- smoking varies b/w countries but smoke related death = poorer countries
- developed and developing = obesity is associated with higher incomes as people can afford lots of high fat foods but now also associated with poor as people eat cheaper, less healthy foods
14
Q
How do lifestyle factors cause different trends of non communicable diseases nationally?
A
- non communicable disease = biggest cause of death in UK
- people from deprived areas = more likely to smoke, have poor diet and not take part in physical activity than those better off financially
- so incidence of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity and cancers are higher in those areas
- people from deprived areas = also suffer from alcohol- related disorders
15
Q
How do lifestyle factors cause different trends of non communicable diseases locally?
A
- individual lifestyle choices affect the incidence on non communicable disease at local level
- if you choose to smoke, drink and not take part in exercise or have poor diet, the risk increases
16
Q
What is CVD?
A
- Cardiovascular disease = disease of the heart and blood vessels
17
Q
What is atherosclerosis?
A
- hardening of the arteries and the arteries becoming narrow
18
Q
How does CVD happen?
A
- high BP and lots of LDL cholesterol can lead to build up of fatty deposits inside arteries, narrowing them and over time they harden, forming atheromas
- coronary heart disease is when the coronary arteries have lots of atheromas in them , which restricts blood flow to the heart
19
Q
How can CVD cause a heart attack or a stroke?
A
- when the atheromas break off or they damage the blood vessel, it causes a blood clot (thrombosis)
- complete blockage of one of the coronary arteries (arteries taking blood back to heart to supply with glucose and oxygen) by atheromas/ blood clots lead to a heart attack when part of cardiac muscle is deprived off oxygen
- if the blockage occurs in artery supplying the brain =causes a stroke
20
Q
What are the risk factors of CVD?
A
- too much salt as more water is being absorbed back into blood after filtration in the kidney which creates higher blood pressure
- diet has a lot of saturated fats so cholesterol is deposited in the artery wall which results in narrower blood vessels which restrict blood flow and increase blood pressure (high levels of fat are found in butter and red meat)
21
Q
How does exercise affect CVD?
A
- exercise leads to lower body mass as less food consumed is stored as fat = low risk of CVD diseases
- healthier joints and low risk of arthritis
- greater muscle tissue (including stronger heart)
- low cholesterol levels in blood
22
Q
How can lifestyle changes treat CVD?
A
- reduces risk by exercising regularly
- reduce alcohol consumption
- stop smoking
- eat a healthy diet which is low in saturated fat and less processed foods
- these changes can also aid along with treatment
