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🧬 > B6.1 > Flashcards

B6.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does abundance and population mean?

A
  • abundance = how many individuals you find in a specific area
  • population = number of organisms of a species in an area
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2
Q

What does distribution mean?

A
  • distribution of an organism is where an organism is found in a habitat (total area they could occur)
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3
Q

What does relationship and sampling mean?

A
  • relationship = interaction between 2 species living in same area
  • sampling = counting a small number of large total population in order to study a population
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4
Q

Why do we sample?

A
  • collect accurate fair and reliable data
  • collect organisms
  • count number of organisms in each species and record where they are found
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5
Q

What are pooters used for?

A
  • jar with a rubber bung sealing the top and 2 tubes stuck through bung (one tube with mesh)
  • suck on the shorter tube and put the end of longer tube on insect = sucked into jar
  • count number of insects collected and same same amount of time and size of the second sample area and compare
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6
Q

What are pitfall traps?

A
  • steel sided containers than are sunk in a hole in the ground and top is partly open
  • leave the trap overnight in 1st sample area = insects fall in and can’t get out
  • Count no of insects in 1st and 2nd sample area
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7
Q

What are sweep and pond nets?

A
  • sweep net = net lined with strong cloth (used for insects from long grass) - stand still in 1st area and sweep left to right and up and put into container then repeat in 2nd area and compare
  • pong nets (insects from pons and rivers) - stand in first area and seep net along bottom of river/pond, turn net out into white tray with a bit of water then count in 1st and 2nd sample areas and compare
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8
Q

What is kick sampling and tree beating?

A
  • kick sampling = kick edge of stream and hold net = count no. organisms caught
  • tree beating = hit tree and collect organism with pooter as they land on large white cloth
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9
Q

What is a quadrat?

A
  • square frame enclosing a known area (compares how common an organism is in 2 sample area)
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10
Q

How can you use a quadrat to study the distribution of small organisms?

A
  • place 1m² quadrat one ground at random point in 1st sample area (use random generator (RNG) for coordinates) otherwise all in one spot and results aren’t valid
  • count desired organisms in quadrat and lay down more quadrat using RNG (larger sample = better) - if more than half of organism in= counts
  • work out mean per quadrat for 1st sample area (quadrat no./ organism no)
  • repeat for second sample and compare
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11
Q

How can you estimate population size by scaling up?

A
  • work out mean no. of organisms per m² and then multiply by total area
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12
Q

How you estimate population size using the capture-recapture technique?

A
  • capture small sample of population and mark in harmless way then release into environment, then recapture another sample and count how many = marked
  • population size = (no. in first sample x no. on second sample)/number in
    second sample previously marked
  • this is assuming none immigrate/emigrate and die
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13
Q

What is a key and what is it used for?

A
  • series of questions that you can use to figure out what an unknown organism is = useful when carrying out sampling as it helps you identify the organisms found
  • start on Q1 and ans = narrows options (some may just have statements instead of Qs
  • after options are narrowed = left with 1 possible species that your organism could be
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14
Q

What is the distribution of organism affected by?

A
  • abiotic factors (temp, pH of soil, moisture level, light intensity = less daisies under trees as less light)
  • biotic factors (competition = diff distribution of species than if it didn’t exist)
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15
Q

How can you measure abiotic factors?

A
  • light intensity = light sensor, temperature = thermometer, moisture of soil =soil moisture meter
  • soil pH = indicator liquid =water added to soil sample and indicator changes colour and compared to chart / electronic pH monitors also produce pH value for sample OR water is added to soil sample and electronic probe is placed to generate numerical value for pH
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16
Q

What are transects?

A
  • investigate how distribution changes gradually over an area using lines called transects
  • you sample along the length of a transects using a quadrat is called a belt transect
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17
Q

How do you carry out a belt transect?

A
  • mark out line with tape measure
  • place quadrat at start of line and count & record organisms found within quadrat and you take samples by moving your quadrat along the line (e.g. placing quadrat at intervals of 2m)
  • OR you could take samples along whole line by placing it right after but it will take a lot longer if you have a long line
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18
Q

How should you display the results of a transect?

A
  • you can calculate the % cover = estimate % area of the quadrat covered by particlar organism by counting no. of little squares covered by organisms= count a square if more than half = covered
  • plot results of transect in kite diagram = maps the distribution
  • take measurements of abiotic factors at points along transect to show the changes it causes to abundance and distribution of organisms
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19
Q

What do kite diagrams show?

A
  • x-axis shows the distance along the transect line
  • abundance of each organism is shows by the thickness of kite shape = abundance’s plotted above and below a central like to make it symmetrical
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20
Q

What are the advantages of random and non-random sampling?

A
  • random= remove bias and more accurate representation = quadrat
  • non random =studies how distribution changes over distance = transect
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21
Q

How does an increasing population negatively impact the biodiversity?

A
  • more pressure on environment as we take resources to survive
  • higher standard of living =use more raw materials and energy resources
  • many raw materials used quicker than replaced = run out
  • lots of waste created (pollution, toxic gases)
  • impacts local and global biodiversity
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22
Q

Why is it important to maintain biodiversity?

A
  • biodiversity is the variety of things living in an area which is essential for maintaining a balanced ecosystem and humans rely on biodiversity for the raw materials we need
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23
Q

What are some of the causes of the loss of biodiversity?

A
  • humans are the leading cause of loss of biodiversity due to:
  • deforestation
  • agriculture/ farming
  • pollution/ dumping waste
  • hunting and fishing
  • building/ quarrying
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24
Q

How does habitat destruction negatively impact the biodiversity?

A
  • woodland clearance = increase farmland areas = reduces no. of tree species and destroys habitats (species die or migrate)
  • monoculture = large areas of land used to grow a single crop (plantations in Africa) = efficient for farmers but less biodiversity as habitat as are cleared to make large fields for monoculture
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25
Q

How does pollution and waste on land negatively impact the biodiversity?

A
  • Pollution/ waste from human activities = kills plants and animals:
  • toxic chemicals used in farming = herbicides and pesticides
  • bury nuclear water underground & dump household waste in landfill sites
  • sewage and toxic chemicals from industry pollute lakes/rivers and chemical like herbicides can washed into the water = affects survival rate
  • smoke and gases released into atmosphere can pollute air (sulfur dioxide = acid rain)
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26
Q

What is eutrophication?

A
  • due to pollution
  • fertilisers run off in fields into lakes and rivers = more nitrate present= algae present has an algae bloom (produce in large quantities)
  • blocks light from getting into river so plants inside die
  • when plants are decomposed by microorganisms = use oxygen from water so the oxygen levels in the water decrease = fish die
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28
Q

How does deforestation negatively impact the biodiversity?

A
  • permanent removal of large areas of forest for material for building and fuel, space for roads, agriculture and buildings
  • impact = less trees means less animals supported by the tree
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29
Q

How does agriculture negatively impact the biodiversity?

A
  • intensive farming of land to feed growing population causes:
  • hedgegrow loss to allow bigger machines to max space = less pant species and hedgehogs
  • pesticides = less food sources for some organism
  • possible bioaccumulation
  • herbicides = kills weeds so less no. of plant species present
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30
Q

How does hunting and fishing negatively impact the biodiversity?

A
  • used to feed population or as a sport
  • overfishing can caused decrease in population/ loss in species from an area (less biodiversity)
  • also risk of other marine organisms being caught and killed
  • hunting = less food for other organisms or remove key part of a food chain as a knock on effect (less biodiversity)
31
Q

Give examples of species effecting by hunting:

A
  • rhino hunted for horns = endangered now

- fishing on big scale = reduce fish stocks so low that it dies out completely (extinct)

32
Q

What is bioaccumulation?

A

When pesticide builds up in food chains and kills larger organisms

33
Q

What does endangered species and extinct mean?

A
  • endangered = low numbers of the species left and at rich of extinction
  • extinct = all members of the species are dead
34
Q

What does conservation mean?

A
  • protecting a natural environment to ensure that habitats are not lost
  • use active management of habitats, use resources in a sustainable way, create nature reserves (marine, aquatic or terrestrial)
35
Q

How can we conserve biodiversity by protecting habitats?

A
  • controlling water levels to conserve wetlands
  • coppicing (trimming trees) to conserve woodlands
  • allows organisms to continue living in their natural habitat
36
Q

How can we conserve biodiversity by controlling or preventing the introduction of harmful species?

A
  • some schemes prevent harmful species that would threaten local biodiversity:
  • those that would reduce number of species by competing with it or eating it
  • e.g. grey squirrels are not native to Britain and compete with native red squirrels and caused their populations to decline
37
Q

What are the examples of active management?

A
  • controlled grazing = animals graze land for a certain period of time so that plant species can recover
  • restrict human access = people don’t trample over plants
  • feeding animals = to ensure more survive to reproductive age
  • reintroduction of species = if numbers = low then reintroduce to increase numbers
38
Q

How can we conserve biodiversity by creating protected areas for organisms?

A
  • protected areas like national parks and nature reserves
  • restrict development of land (building/ farming)
  • protected areas can also be found in the sea where human activities like fishing are controlled to protect marine ecosystems
39
Q

How can we conserve biodiversity by protecting organism in safe areas away from their natural habitats?

A
  • safe areas = zoos for animals
  • botanical gardens and seed banks for plants
  • protected from harmful activities likes hunting and habitat destruction
  • safe areas = increase numbers of organisms before being released into wild = captive breeding (used for reintroducing if become extinct in wild)
40
Q

What is captive breeding?

A
  • another way to increase biodiversity

- create a stable and healthy population of species and gradually introduce the species to the natural habitat

41
Q

What are the problems with captive breeding?

A
  • maintains genetic diversity may be difficult due to few breeding partners
  • organisms born in captivity may not be suitable to release - can’t catch food or has no skills to survive in the wild
42
Q

What are seed banks?

A
  • prevent extinction seed banks are used to conserve plants
  • seeds taken from a variety of plants are stored so it they are extinct we can grow them again
  • type of gene bank
43
Q

How do international cooperations conserve biodiversity?

A
  • International and local agreements help preserve habitats and species (ban on smuggling animals, clothing etc.)
44
Q

What do international agreements do and what is the IUCN?

A
  • secure agreements between nations

- IUCN = red list that informs countries about which species need conservation

45
Q

What is CITES?

A
  • convention on international trade in endangered species of wild flora and fauna
  • regulates international trade of wild plants, animals and their products
46
Q

What do Rio conventions require countries to do?

A
  • develop straights for sustainable development
  • lower greenhouse emissions
  • combat desertification
  • overall aim = maintain biodiversity
47
Q

What are local agreements and what are they within England?

A
  • diff. countries utilise schemes within borders to maintain biodiversity
  • England = Stewardship schemes where farmers get payments by gov to conserve landscapes and the local council = graze diff species on diff areas of grass (Dover)
48
Q

What are the ways conservation schemes can help humans too?

A
  • protect human food supply
  • ensure minimal damage to food chains
  • provide future medicines
  • provide industrial materials and fuels
49
Q

What are the ways conservation schemes can help humans by protecting human supply and minimal damage to food chains ?

A
  • protect human food supply - overfishing has reduced stocks in world’s oceans but conservation program = future generations will have fish to eat
  • ensure minimal damage to food chains - if 1 species = extinct = affects all organisms that feed on/ eaten by it= whole food chain affected but program helps other survives
50
Q

What are the ways conservation schemes can help humans by providing future medicines and industrial materials and fuels ?

A
  • provide future medicines - many medicine = come from plants & undiscovered plants species = new medicinal chemicals so if they come extinct through rainforest deforestation = miss out on valuable medicines
  • provide industrial materials and fuels - plants & animals = involved in production of industrial materials (wood/paper/oils) and some fuels so if extinct then resources = more difficult to produce
51
Q

What is ecotourism and where does it happen?

A
  • tourism that focuses on the appreciation of nature and its conservation whilst having minimal negative impact on the local ecosystem
  • maintaining areas with high biodiversity = opportunity for ecotourism to happen in these area - people are drawn to visit beautiful, unspoilt areas)
52
Q

Why is ecotourism useful?

A
  • tourists bring money which can be used to fund habitats/ prevent poaching and maintaining biodiversity (conservation work)
  • money by local shops/cafe = supports local economy
53
Q

Gove examples of schemes towards ecotourism:

A
  • risk of loss of biodiversity in coral reefs = ecotourism ensures tourism doesn’t have a negative impact on natural environment & local communities
  • restrict tourists to certain areas ; keep to footpaths;avoid disturbing breeding grounds; only leave footprints where you go (negative = repeated use of a trail can cause soil erosion)
54
Q

What are the steps to ecotourism?

A
  • save energy and water
  • only leave footprints
  • honour local traditions
  • buy local trades
  • reduce, reuse recycle
55
Q

What is the Eden Project?

A
  • in Cornwall = sort of ‘eco theme park’ which has huge plastic comes to represent diff ecosystems (e.g. rainforest) and educates visitors about conservation
56
Q

What can maintaining biodiversity be challenging?

A
  • agreements about conservation schemes can be difficult to arrange
  • conservation schemes can be difficult to monitor
57
Q

Why can agreements about conservation schemes be difficult to arrange?

A
  • some require several diff countries to work together = some aren’t willing to sign up
  • e.g International Whaling Commission to restrict whaling = lots of countries signed up to stop whaling but some still haven’t (Norway, the Faroe Islands and Iceland) = 2000 whales killed /yr
  • on smaller scale = rejected by local residents (people might not be keep if schemes reduces their income = ban on logging / fishing restrictions)
58
Q

Why can agreements about conservation schemes be difficult to monitor?

A
  • keeping track of fishing quotas (restrictions on the amount of fish that can be caught at sea) = tricky
  • hard to work out how successful the schemes is and if you want to see if people are sticking to it
59
Q

How do scientists monitor pollution?

A
  • regular samples of plants and animals from habitats
  • monitor type and number present
  • look for indicator species (organisms that can be used to measure the environmental quality either through their absence or presence)
60
Q

What do canaries and nudibranchs indicate?

A
  • canary = used by miners and taken in a cage - more sensitive to poisonous gases than humans
  • nudibranch = indicate climate change
61
Q

What is the main cause of air pollution?

A
  • sulfur dioxide = combustion of fossil fuels

- goes up the atmosphere and dissolves in clouds = acid rain = results in death of fish and trees

62
Q

What is the indicator of air pollution?

A

Lichens = have no root system to all of their nutrition comes from the air
- depending on lichen present = identify levels of air pollution = some lichens cope well with pollution so found in industrial areas but some species can only grow in areas of clean air

63
Q

What is the main cause of water pollution?

A
  • release of harmful substances into lakes, rivers and seas = more pollution levels
  • less level of dissolved oxygen to less organisms able to survive in these conditions
64
Q

What are the indicators of unpolluted and low water pollution?

A
  • unpolluted - mayfly larva (nymphs) (in rivers)

- low - fresh water shrimp

65
Q

What are the indicators of high and very high water pollution?

A
  • high - water louse

- very high - sludge worm (near sewage contaminated water as less O2)

66
Q

How do environmental changes cause the distribution of organisms to change (where they live)?

A
  • availability of water - animal/plant species change depending on water in tropics
  • atmospheric gases - some species of lichen can’t grow in SO2
  • temperature - global warming
67
Q

What can environmental changes be cause by?

A
  • seasonal factors
  • geographic factors
  • human interaction (global warming = rise in avg. temp)
68
Q

What do greenhouse gases do?

A
  • temp of earth = balance between energy from sun and energy radiate back into space and gases in atm = insulating layer
  • gases absorb most heat energy that should be radiated back into space and re-radiates it in all directions(including back to Earth)= increase temp
  • greenhouse gases keep energy in = CO2 and methane - levels are rising sharply = increased avg temp
69
Q

What is global warming?

A
  • levels of green house gases rise = avg temp increasing = global warming (type of climate change causing other types of climate change = changing rainfall patterns)
70
Q

What are the consequences of global warming in terms of sea levels and migration?

A
  • high temp= seawater expands & melts= sea level rise= animals / people living in low- lying places = flooding = loss of habitats
  • change in migration patterns (birds migrate more N as more N= warmer)
71
Q

What are the consequences of global warming in terms of distribution and biodiversity ?

A
  • distribution of wild animal/plant species change as temp rises and amount of rainfall changes = some species = more widely distributed (species thriving in hot = wider range but species in cold = smaller range)
  • reduced biodiversity if some species unable to survive change in climate/ adapt = extinct
72
Q

What are some ways to conserve fish stocks?

A
  • fishing quotas
  • limit no of boats that can go in an area
  • fishing ban in breeding season
  • NOT limiting max hole size in nets = doesn’t conserve stocks

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