B6.3 Flashcards
What is a disease?
A conditions that caused by any part of the body not functioning properly
What is a communicable disease?
A contagious disease - can be spread between organisms
What are non-communicable diseases?
Diseases that cannot be spread between organisms
What are some examples on non-communicable diseases?
Poor diet resulting in deficiencies
Obesity leading to diabetes
Inheriting a genetic disorder - cystic fibrosis
Body process not operating properly - cancer
What are examples of communicable diseases?
Athlete’s foot & Powdery Mildew - fungi
Tuberculosis & crown gall disease - bacteria
Influenza & tobacco mosaic disease - viruses
Malaria & coffee phloem necrosis - protozoa
How can pathogens be spread between animals?
Cuts in skin - injury, insect/animal bites
Digestive system - food and drink are shared
Respiratory system - inhaling pathogens
Reproductive system - sexual intercourse
What are vectors (disease terms)?
Organisms that spread disease rather than causing it themselves
How can pathogens be spread between plants?
Vectors such as insects
The wind
Direct contact of sap from infected plant with a healthy plant
Contaminated soil and water
How do viruses reproduce?
Taking over and using the host organism’s organelles to make more viruses
What are the steps for viral replication?
- Virus attacks a cell
- The cell engulfs the virus by endocytosis
- Viral contents released - viral RNA enters nucleus where it is replicated by the viral RNA polymerase.
- Viral mRNA is used to make viral proteins
- New viruses are made and are released into the extra cellular fluid
- The cell, that isn’t killed in the process, continues to make along with other, newly infected cells
How do scientists monitor disease?
They study the incidence of a disease
What is the “incidence of a disease”?
The rate at which new cases occur in a population over time
What are the results of monitoring diseases?
They provide scientists with evidence for the effectiveness of disease treatments or prevention techniques.
How can one prevent passing or catching a communicable disease?
Covering mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing
Not touching infected people or objects
Using protection
Not sharing needles
What are some hygienic things to do to prevent the spread of disease?
Washing your hands
Cooking food properly
Drink clean water
Protect yourself from animal bites
How can farmers prevent the spread of disease?
Burning diseased plant material
Treating animals using drugs
Killing all animals that are diseased
Livestock cannot be moved
Chemical dips are installed on farm to kill pathogens on footwear
Spraying plants with fungicides
Getting animals vaccinated
What is athlete’s food caused by.
A group of parasitic fungi called dermatophytes
What are the symptoms of athlete’s foot?
Cracked, flaking and itchy skin
How can athlete’s foot be treated?
By using an anti-fungal cream
How is athlete’s foot spread?
Direct contact or indirect contact
What is food poisoning?
The growth of microorganisms in food
What are the 3 main groups of bacteria that cause food poisoning?
Campylobacter
Salmonella
E.coli
What affects the 3 main groups of bacteria that cause food poisoning?
They all survive fridging and freezing but thorough cooking kills them
Where is campylobacter found?
Raw meat
Unpasteurised milk
Untreated water
Where is salmonella found?
Raw meat, eggs
Raw unwashed vegetables
Unpasteurised milk
Where is E.coli found?
Raw/undercooked meats
Unpasteurised milk and dairy products
What are common symptoms of food poisoning?
Stomach pains
Diarrhoea
Vomiting
Fever
What are sexually transmitted infections?
Infections that are passed on through unprotected sex or genital contact - passed through bodily fluids or by skin to skin contact
How do people protect themselves from STI’s
Avoiding sexual intercourse
Using condoms
What are common STI’s?
Chlamydia
Gonorrhoea
Genital Herpes
HIV
What is the cause of chlamydia?
Bacteria
What is the cause of gonorrhoea?
Bacteria
What is the cause of genital herpes?
Virus
What is the cause of HIV?
Virus
What are the symptoms of chlamydia?
Pain when urinating
Discharge from penis or vagina
What are symptoms of gonorrhoea?
Burning pain when urinating
Vaginal discharge
What are the symptoms of genital herpes?
Painful blisters or sores
What are the symptoms of HIV?
Weakened immune system - often resulting in AIDS
What is the treatment for chlamydia?
Antibiotics
What is the treatment for gonorrhoea?
Antibiotics
What is the treatment for genital herpes?
No cure
What is the treatment for HIV?
No cure - symptoms controlled with antiretroviral drugs - lifetime treatment required
What does HIV stand for?
Human immunodeficiency virus
What does HIV do?
Invades white blood cells and reproduces inside them - weakens your immune system as the affected cells can’t make antibodies
Why is it bad if your white blood cells are affected by HIV?
The body becomes the target of everyday infections and cell changes that cause cancers
What is the difference between HIV and AIDS?
AIDS is the final stage of a HIV infection, when the body can no longer fight life-threatening infections
How can you treat food poisoning?
Rehydration
How are diseases indetified?
Changes to an organism’s appearance
Through identifying the pathogen by its DNA or antigen
What are antigens?
Proteins of the surface of microorganisms that are specific to oneself - cell surface markers
What is the “incubation period”?
The time delay between harmful pathogens entering an organism and the display of symptoms
What happens during the incubation period?
Pathogens reproduce rapidly, causing cell damage and produce toxic waste products
How long does the incubation period usually last?
1-2 days
What are cankers?
Areas of death
What is exudate?
Substances that ooze out of the diseased part of the plant
What is chlorosis?
Loss of green colour in plants (yellowing)
What can cause stunted growth in plants?
Nitrate deficiency
What causes chlorosis?
Lack of magnesium
What causes wilting?
Lack of water
