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B2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The net movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration down the concentration gradient.

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2
Q

What type of process is diffusion?

A

A passive process

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3
Q

What factors affect the rate of diffusion?

A

The distance that the particles need to move
The size of the surface area
The concentration gradient

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4
Q

How does the distance the particles need to move help diffusion?

A

The less distance, the faster the rate of diffusion

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5
Q

What does increasing the concentration gradient do in diffusion?

A

Increases the rate of diffusion

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6
Q

What does the size of the surface area have to do with diffusion?

A

Increase of surface area increases the rate of diffusion

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7
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water molecules across a semi permeable membrane from a high water potential to a low water potential, down the concentration gradient.

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8
Q

How does water potential help osmosis?

A

The greater the difference in water potential, the greater the rate of osmosis

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9
Q

What happens if the surroundings of a plant have a higher water potential?

A

The plant will take up water and the pressure of the cell increases, called turgor pressure. The cell becomes firm or turgid.

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10
Q

Wha happens if the surrounding of a pant has the same water potential?

A

Nothing happens as there is no net movement of water

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11
Q

What happens if the plant cell has a higher water potential than its surroundings?

A

It loses water and the turgor pressure falls causing the cell to become flaccid. Eventually, the cell contents collapse away from the cell wall.

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12
Q

What is a plasmolysed cell.

A

When the cell contents collapse away from the cell wall.

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13
Q

What happens in an animal cell if the surroundings have a higher water potential?

A

The cell will take up water, swell and it might burst which is called lysis.

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14
Q

What happens if an animal cell has a higher water potential than its surrounding?

A

The cell loses water by osmosis and it becomes crenated (it crinkles).

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15
Q

What is active transport?

A

It allows cells to move from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, against the concentration gradient.

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16
Q

What are the 3 main features of active transport?

A

Particles are transported against the concentration gradient
ATP is required
This process makes use of carrier proteins in the cell membrane

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17
Q

What are carrier proteins?

A

They are special proteins that stretch across the width of the cell membrane.

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18
Q

What does a carrier protein do?

A

A particular molecule that the cells requires binds to a specific carrier protein. Energy is transferred from an energy store to the protein so that it can change shape or rotate. The carrier protein transports the molecule into the cell

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19
Q

What does the graph look like of rate of respiration to rate of active transport?

A

A curve gradually increasing

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20
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Mitosis is the process by which body cells divide. Each cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells which are genetically identical to the parent cell.

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21
Q

What is the order of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis

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22
Q

What is the abbreviation for the order of mitosis?

A

PMAT

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23
Q

What is the interphase?

A

The predatory phase, DNA replication occurs

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24
Q

What happens during the prophase?

A

DNA condenses to from chromosomes, nuclear envelope breaks down

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25
Q

What happens during the metaphase?

A

The chromosomes align in the centre of the cell called the equatorial phase and the centrioles move to opposite poles and spindle fibres form.

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26
Q

What happens during the telophase?

A

Chromosomes fully move to opposite ends, nuclear envelope forms around the new nucleus

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27
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Cell membrane pinches inward to separate nuclei and forms 2 daughter cell

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28
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

They are undifferentiated cells that divide by mitosis

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29
Q

When are stem cells used in the body?

A

During development, growth and repair

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30
Q

What can stem cells form?

A

All types of tissues and organs

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31
Q

What are the two types of stem cells?

A

Embryonic and adult stem cells

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32
Q

Where are embryonic stem cells found?

A

In embryos

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33
Q

What do embryonic stem cells do?

A

Divide by mitosis to produce all the cells needed to make an organism and they have the ability to differentiate into all cell types

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34
Q

Where are adult stem cells found?

A

Various body tissues such as the brain, bone marrow, skin and liver

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35
Q

What do adult stem cells do?

A

Differentiate into some different types of cells, but not as many as embryonic stem cells

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36
Q

What particular part of plant grow where their stem cells are?

A

Meristems and include shoot tips, and root tips

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37
Q

What is different about plant stem cells and regular plant cell?

A

The stems cells have:
Very thin walls
Small vacuoles
No chloroplasts

38
Q

Why can’t differentiated plant cells divide?

A

Because their cell walls are thick and rigid

39
Q

What is the circulatory system?

A

It is made up of your heart and blood vessels and the blood transports substances around your body to the cells that needs them and carries waste products away.

40
Q

What do the arteries do?

A

Carry blood away from the heart at a high pressure

41
Q

What do veins do?

A

They return blood to the heart and have valves to stop backflow.

42
Q

What do the capillaries do?

A

They link arteries and veins in tissues and organs

43
Q

What is an adaptation of the capillaries?

A

They have semipermeable walls that are only 1 cell thick so substances can easily move through them

44
Q

What are the 3 main types of blood vessels?

A

Capillaries, veins and arteries

45
Q

What does an artery look like?

A

Thick outer wall
Thick layer of muscle and elastic fibres
Small lumen
Smooth lining

46
Q

What does a vein look like?

A

Fairly thin outer wall
Thin layer of muscles and elastic fibres
Large lumen
Smooth lining

47
Q

Why is the blood leaving the heart at high pressure a good thing?

A

Materials are transported quickly around the body which is essential for larger organisms.

48
Q

What is the order in which blood travels?

A

Right atrium
Right ventricle
Pulmonary artery
Lungs
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Aorta
Vena cava

49
Q

What is recoil in your arteries?

A

When the walls expand and the force of each contraption snaps back to push the blood forward.

50
Q

Why would a human body have a double circulatory system?

A

Because blood flows through the heart twice during each circuit of the body

51
Q

What happens when cells differentiate.

A

They become specialised to perform a particular job

52
Q

What happens when a cell becomes specialised?

A

Its structure changes so that it is better adapted to perform its function.

53
Q

What are some examples of specialised cells in the body?

A

Nerve cells
Red blood cells
Fat cells

54
Q

What are examples of specialised cells in plants?

A

Root cells
Leaf palisade cells

55
Q

What are the adaptations of a sperm cell?

A

Flagellum
Lots of mitochondria
Acrosome

56
Q

What does the flagellum do?

A

Whips from side to side to propel the sperm to the ovum

57
Q

What do lots of mitochondria do?

A

More respiration so the reactions of respiration transfer energy from chemical stores so the flagellum can move.

58
Q

What does the acrosome do?

A

Stores digestive enzymes which break the outer layers of the ovum to allow sperm to transfer and incorporate its genetic material

59
Q

How are fat cells specialised?

A

Small layer of cytoplasm surrounding a fat reservoir so they can expand as they fill with fat

60
Q

How are red blood cells specialised?

A

Biconcave disks
More haemoglobin
No nucleus

61
Q

Why do red blood cells have biconcave discs?

A

Increase the SA:V ratio to speed up diffusion of oxygen into the cell and CO2 out of the cell

62
Q

Why are red blood cells full of haemoglobin?

A

It binds oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin

63
Q

Why don’t red blood cells have a nucleus?

A

More space to contain haemoglobin molecules

64
Q

What type of cells produce mucus?

A

Goblet cells which are in between ciliated cells

65
Q

Who do cilia (tiny hairs) do?

A

They sweep the mucus from your lungs to the back of your throat . You then swallow the mucus and the bacteria are killed in the stomach

66
Q

How are palisade cells specialised?

A

They are packed full of chloroplasts and are a regular shape to maximise the absorption of sunlight to carry out photosynthesis.

67
Q

What does the coronary artery do?

A

Branches off aorta and supplies heart with blood and nutrients (oxygen)

68
Q

How are too hair cells adapted for active transport?

A

They have hair-like protrusions for a high surface area to volume ratio

69
Q

How are villi adapted for diffusion?

A

Rice blood supply for steep concentration gradient
Large surface area
Thin wall (one cell thick)

70
Q

How are alveoli adapted for diffusion?

A

Ventilation moves air in and out (steep gradient)
Thin alveolus walls
Spherical shape (larger SA:V)
Good blood supply (concentration gradient)

71
Q

How does a good blood supply in the alveoli maintain a steep concentration gradient?

A

It removes oxygen and brings carbon dioxide

72
Q

What substances are in blood?

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Plasma
Platelets

73
Q

What is plasma?

A

90% water and helps transports materials as many substance dissolve in plasma

74
Q

What are some substances that dissolve in plasma?

A

Sugar, amino acids, carbon dioxide, hormones, antibodies

75
Q

What does the vascular bundle do?

A

Transport and provide support

76
Q

What is translocation?

A

The transport of sugar in a plant

77
Q

What is the transpiration stream?

A

The transport of water in a plant

78
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The water evaporating from the stomata

79
Q

What does translocation happen in?

A

The phloem (tubes)

80
Q

What is the structure of the phloem?

A

Living cells which have sieve plates (permeable cell walls) between them, allowing cell sap (dissolved sugar) and water to pass through

81
Q

How can nutrients flow in the phloem?

A

2 ways to

82
Q

What are xylem and phloem?

A

Tissues

83
Q

What is the structure of the xylem?

A

Dead cells with no cells walls - forms tubes which water and mineral ions can pass through

84
Q

What is the structure of the xylem cellulose cell walls?

A

Thick and stiffened with lignin to provide support - impermeable

85
Q

In what way water flow in the xylem?

A

1 way

86
Q

What does the xylem transport?

A

Water and mineral ions

87
Q

What does the phloem transport?

A

Sugar from photosynthesis and other soluble food molecules

88
Q

How do the vascular bundles provide support in the leaf?

A

In leaf - form a network that supports softer leaf tissue

89
Q

How do the vascular bundles provide support in the stem?

A

They’re located in the outer edge providing strength to resist bending from breeze

90
Q

How do the vascular bundles provide support in the roots?

A

Found in centre allowing it to be an anchor so the root can bend as the plant moves in the wind

91
Q

How does a plant lose water?

A

The stomara open to gain carbon dioxide for photsythesis in the presence of light and water evaporates at this time

92
Q

What factors affect the rate of transpiration?

A

Light intensity
Temperature
Air movement
Humidity

Biology (8 decks)

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