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BIOLOGY Questions > B6.1 Reproduction > Flashcards

B6.1 Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the cells produced by meiosis.

A

4 cells, genetically different.

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2
Q

Describe the cells produced by mitosis.

A

2 cells, genetically identical (clones).

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3
Q

What are gametes?

A

Sex cells.

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4
Q

Name the gametes in animals.

A

Sperm and egg.

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5
Q

Name the gametes in plants.

A

Pollen and egg.

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6
Q

Complete the sentence: “Sexual reproduction leads to …… in the offspring.”

A

Variety.

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7
Q
  1. State two differences between asexual and sexual reproduction (max 5).
A

“1. Asexual reproduction involves only one parent.

  1. No fusion of gametes.
  2. No mixing of genetic information.
  3. Genetically identical offspring.
  4. Only mitosis used.”
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8
Q

What effect does meiosis have on the number of chromosomes in a cell?

A

Halves it.

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9
Q

By what process is the number of chromosomes restored?

A

Fertilisation.

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10
Q

In animals, where are the gametes formed?

A

Ovaries and testes.

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11
Q

State the three key steps in meiosis.

A

“1. Copies of the DNA are made.

  1. The cell divides twice to form 4 gametes, each with a single set of chromosomes.
  2. All 4 cells are genetically different from each other.”
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12
Q

When a new cell is formed through fertilisation, how does it divide?

A

Mitosis.

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13
Q

What is the name of the process by which cells develop into specific cell types?

A

Fertilisation.

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14
Q
  1. State 3 advantages of sexual reproduction.
A

“1. Produces variation in the offspring.

  1. If the environment changes, variation gives a survival advantage by natural selection.
  2. Natural selection can be speeded up by humans in selective breeding to increase food production.”
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15
Q
  1. State 4 advantages of asexual reproduction.
A

“1. Only one parent needed

  1. More time and energy efficient as do not need to find a mate
  2. Faster than sexual reproduction
  3. Many identical offspring can be produced when conditions are favourable”
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16
Q

Describe how malarial parasites use both forms of reproduction.

A

Reproduce asexually in the human host, but sexually in the mosquito.

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17
Q

Describe how fungi use both forms of reproduction.

A

Reproduce asexually by spores but also reproduce sexually to give variation.

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18
Q

Describe how plants use both forms of reproduction.

A

Runners such as strawberry plants, or bulb division such as daffodils.

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19
Q

The genetic material in the nucleus of a cell is….

A

DNA

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20
Q

Describe the structure of DNA.

A

A polymer made up of two strands forming a double helix.

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21
Q

Name the structure within which DNA is contained.

A

Chromosomes.

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22
Q

What is a gene?

A

A small section of DNA on a chromosome.

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23
Q

What is the function of a gene?

A

To code for a particular sequence of amino acids in order to make a specific protein.

24
Q

What is a genome?

A

The entire genetic material of an organism.

25
Q

State 3 ways in which understanding of the human genome will be important.

A

“1. To search for genes linked to different types of disease

  1. To understand and treat inherited disorders
  2. To trace early human migration patterns”
26
Q

Name the three parts of a DNA molecule.

A

A phosphate group, a sugar molecule and a nucleotide base

27
Q

Name the four nucleotides found in DNA.

A

Adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine

28
Q

How many bases code for a particular amino acid?

A

3

29
Q

What is a set of three nucleotide bases called?

A

A codon

30
Q

Which cell organelle synthesises proteins?

A

Ribosomes.

31
Q

How is the protein sequence correctly assembled?

A

Using a template molecule from the DNA.

32
Q

What brings specific amino acids to the ribosomes?

A

Carrier molecules.

33
Q

When the protein chain is complete, what process aids it to form its unique shape?

A

Folding.

34
Q

Name three uses of proteins in the body.

A

“1. Enzymes

  1. Hormones
  2. Structural proteins e.g. collagen”
35
Q

What is a change in the DNA sequence called?

A

A mutation.

36
Q

Name three potential consequences for a protein of a mutation.

A

“1. No change or a slight change so no effect on the protein

  1. Altered protein, so an enzyme may stop working
  2. Mutation within a non-coding region nearby to a gene may affect the expression (production) of a protein”
37
Q

What is a gamete?

A

A sex cell (egg or sperm; egg or pollen).

38
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A thread-like structure which contains coiled up DNA and proteins.

39
Q

What is a gene?

A

A sequence of DNA nucleotide bases that codes for a specific protein.

40
Q

What is an allele?

A

A different version of a gene.

41
Q

What does the term “dominant” mean?

A

The individual only needs one copy of this allele for its phenotype to be seen.

42
Q

What does the term “recessive” mean?

A

The individual needs two copies of this allele for its phenotype to be seen.

43
Q

What does the term “homozygous” mean?

A

The individual has two identical alleles for this gene.

44
Q

What does the term “heterozygous” mean?

A

The individual has two different alleles for this gene.

45
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The genetic makeup of an organism for a particular gene (e.g. RR).

46
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The displayed characteristic due to the interactions between alleles (e.g. red flowers).

47
Q

What is polydactyly?

A

A condition that causes the individual to have extra fingers or toes.

48
Q

Is it a dominant or recessive condition?

A

Dominant.

49
Q

State the genotype(s) that would result in polydactyly.

A

PP or Pp (homozygous dominant or heterozygous for this gene).

50
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

A condition which causes sticky mucus to build up in the lungs.

51
Q

Is it a dominant or recessive condition?

A

Recessive.

52
Q

State the genotype(s) that would result in cystic fibrosis.

A

cc (homozygous recessive).

53
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes does an ordinary human body cell have?

A

23

54
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes determine the sex of the individual?

A

1

55
Q

What is the genotype of a female?

A

XX

56
Q

What is the genotype of a male?

A

XY

BIOLOGY Questions (24 decks)

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