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BIOLOGY Questions > B2.2: Animal tissues, organs and organ systems > Flashcards

B2.2: Animal tissues, organs and organ systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A protein which can catalyse a reaction (speed it up) without being used up itself.

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2
Q

What is a substrate?

A

A molecule or atom which is acted upon by an enzyme.

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3
Q

How does an enzyme “recognise” its specific substrate?

A

A complementarily-shaped “active site” – a region on the enzyme which fits the substrate.

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4
Q

Name two environmental conditions that can change an enzyme’s active site.

A

1.pH (either higher or lower than optimum), 2.Higher than optimal temperature

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5
Q

Name where carbohydrase is made in the body.

A

Salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine.

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6
Q

What do carbohydrases break down and what is produced?

A

Carbohydrates to simple sugars (e.g. amylase breaks down starch to glucose).

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7
Q

Name where protease is made in the body.

A

Stomach, pancreas and small intestine.

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8
Q

What do proteases break down and what is produced?

A

Proteins to amino acids.

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9
Q

Name where lipase is made in the body.

A

Stomach, pancreas and small intestine.

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10
Q

What do lipases break down and what is produced?

A

Lipids (fats) to fatty acids and glycerol.

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11
Q

What are the products of digestion used for?

A

To build new carbohydrates, lipids and proteins.

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12
Q

How does bile help the action of lipase? (2)

A
  1. Provides alkaline conditions by neutralising acid from the stomach, 2. Emulsifies fat to form small droplets with a larger surface area.
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13
Q

Which system transports substances around the body?

A

The circulatory system.

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14
Q

What is the heart?

A

An organ.

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15
Q

What does the heart do?

A

Pump blood around the body.

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16
Q

What are the walls of the heart made from?

A

Muscle tissue.

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17
Q

Name the two types of chambers in the heart

A

Atria and ventricles.

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18
Q

Which are the upper chambers of the heart?

A

Atria.

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19
Q

Which are the lower chambers of the heart?

A

Ventricles.

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20
Q

Where do the atria force blood upon contraction?

A

To the ventricles.

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21
Q

Where do the ventricles force blood upon contraction?

A

Out of the heart.

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22
Q

What is the job of the heart valves?

A

To prevent backflow of blood in the heart.

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23
Q

To where does blood flow after leaving the right hand side of the heart?

A

The lungs.

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24
Q

To where does blood flow after leaving the left hand side of the heart?

A

The rest of the body.

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25
Q

Through which blood vessel does blood flow away from the heart?

A

Arteries.

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26
Q

Through which blood vessel does blood flow back into the heart?

A

Veins.

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27
Q

Name the blood vessel by which blood leaves to the rest of the body.

A

Aorta.

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28
Q

Name the blood vessel by which blood arrives back from the rest of the body.

A

Vena cava.

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29
Q

Name the blood vessel by which blood leaves the heart to the lungs.

A

Pulmonary artery.

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30
Q

Name the blood vessel by which blood leaves the lungs to go back to the heart.

A

Pulmonary vein.

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31
Q

Which blood vessels have thick walls containing muscle tissue and elastic fibres?

A

Arteries.

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32
Q

Which blood vessels have thinner walls and contain valves?

A

Veins.

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33
Q

Name two key adaptations of capillaries.

A

“1. Very thin (only one cell thick) to reduce distance diffusion has to occur across.
2. Very narrow to reduce distance diffusion has to occur across.”

34
Q

Where is the “natural” pacemaker of the heart located?

A

The right atrium.

35
Q

Where are the lungs located?

A

The upper part of the body (thorax).

36
Q

What protects the lungs?

A

The ribcage.

37
Q

What separates the lungs from the abdomen (lower part of body)?

A

The diaphragm.

38
Q

What gas diffuses into the bloodstream?

A

Oxygen.

39
Q

What gas diffuses out of the bloodstream?

A

Carbon dioxide.

40
Q

Name the structure which carries air from the nose/mouth.

A

Trachea.

41
Q

Name the two structures which branch off from the answer to Q6.

A

Bronchi (singular: bronchus).

42
Q

Name the structure which branch off from the answer to Q7.

A

Bronchiole(s).

43
Q

What are the small gas exchange structures in the lungs called?

A

Alveoli (singular: alveolus).

44
Q

Describe four adaptations do alveoli have to make them an efficient gas exchange surface.

A

“1. Thin walls (one cell thick).

  1. Extensive capillary network covering the surface of each alveolus.
  2. Efficient movement of blood through capillaries to maintain a concentration gradient for diffusion of oxygen & carbon dioxide.
  3. Folded inner surface to give a large surface area.”
45
Q

What is blood?

A

A tissue.

46
Q

What is the liquid part of blood called?

A

Plasma.

47
Q

What are the three main cell types found in blood?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets.

48
Q

What does blood plasma transport from the organs to the lungs?

A

Carbon dioxide.

49
Q

What does blood plasma transport from the small intestine to other organs?

A

Soluble products of digestion.

50
Q

What does blood plasma transport from the liver to the kidneys?

A

Urea.

51
Q

What do red blood cells transport?

A

Oxygen.

52
Q

What do red blood cells lack?

A

A nucleus.

53
Q

What do red blood cells contain?

A

Haemoglobin.

54
Q

In the lungs, which reversible reaction occurs?

A

Haemoglobin + oxygen ó oxyhaemoglobin.

55
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

Defend the body against microorganisms.

56
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Help clot the blood at wound sites.

57
Q

What are the coronary arteries?

A

Blood vessels that supply the heart muscle tissue.

58
Q

What occurs in CHD?

A

The coronary arteries become blocked with fatty deposits, narrowing them.

59
Q

Why is this a problem?

A

Reduces flow of blood to the heart, therefore reducing supply of oxygen, glucose and pickup of carbon dioxide.

60
Q

How do stents treat CHD?

A

Re-opens the blocked coronary artery, restoring blood flow.

61
Q

How do statins treat CHD?

A

Decreases the blood concentration of cholesterol, which reduces build-up of fatty deposits in the coronary arteries.

62
Q

Why are faulty heart valves life-threatening?

A

Allows backflow of blood.

63
Q

Name two sources of replacement heart valves.

A

“1. Mechanical.

2. Biological (e.g. pigs or sheep).”

64
Q

Describe a treatment used in the case of total heart failure.

A

Heart transplant.

65
Q

Name a risk of surgical intervention in heart disease.

A

Infection.

66
Q

When would an artificial heart be used?

A

“1. To allow the heart to rest and recover.

2. To keep the patient alive whilst they wait for a transplant.”

67
Q

What is “health”?

A

The state of physical and mental well-being.

68
Q

What are the two types of disease?

A

Communicable (caused by a pathogen) and non-communicable.

69
Q

Give an example of how different diseases can interact.

A

“• Defects in the immune system mean that an individual is more likely to suffer from infectious diseases.
• Viruses living in cells can be the trigger for cancers.
• Immune reactions initially caused by a pathogen can trigger allergies such as skin rashes and asthma.
• Severe physical ill health can lead to depression and other mental illness.”

70
Q

Name three factors, other than pathogens, which can influence health.

A

“1. Diet

  1. Stress
  2. Life situations”
71
Q

What is a risk factor?

A

A factor linked to an increased rate of disease.

72
Q

Give two general examples of a risk factor.

A

“1. The lifestyle of a person

2. Substances in the person’s body or environment”

73
Q

What is a “causal mechanism”?

A

Where a lot of evidence links the risk factor to causing a particular disease.

74
Q

Some risk factors have had a causal mechanisms proven for some diseases. Name three examples.

A

“• The effects of diet, smoking and exercise on cardiovascular disease.
• Obesity as a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes.
• The effect of alcohol on the liver and brain function.
• Carcinogens, including ionising radiation, as risk factors in cancer.
• The effects of smoking and alcohol on unborn babies.
• The effect of smoking on lung disease and lung cancer.”

75
Q

Most diseases are termed “multi-factorial”. What does this mean?

A

Multiple risk factors contributing to the person developing the disease.

76
Q

What is cancer?

A

The uncontrolled growth and division of cells.

77
Q

How do cancers develop?

A

DNA in cells is changed (mutated)

78
Q

What is a benign tumour?

A

A growth of abnormal cells which is contained in one area within the body and will not invade other body parts.

79
Q

What is a malignant tumour?

A

A growth of abnormal cells which invade neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body in the blood where they form secondary tumours.

80
Q

Name two main lifestyle risk factors for cancer.

A

“1. Smoking

  1. Excessive alcohol use
  2. Obesity”
81
Q

Name another risk factor in the development of cancer.

A

Genetic.

BIOLOGY Questions (24 decks)

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