B6: Preventing And Treating Disease Flashcards

1
Q

How does a vaccine work?

A

Introducing small amounts of dead/inactive forms of pathogens into the body to stimulate white blood cells to produce antibodies. Memory cells remain so if the pathogen re-enters the blood cells respond quickly - preventing infection

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2
Q

Do vaccines protect against bacterial or viral diseases?

A

Both

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3
Q

If a large proportion of the population is immune to the disease….

A

The spread of the pathogen is reduced.

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4
Q

Do painkillers kill the pathogens?

A

No. They merely treat symptoms.

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5
Q

What can’t antibiotics destroy? Why?

A

Viruses. Because they reproduce inside the cells and is difficult to develop drugs that kill the virus without damaging cells

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6
Q

Difference between penicillin and paracetamol?

A
Paracetamol = painkillers 
Penicillin = antibiotic and kills the bacteria
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7
Q

Why is the emergence of strains of antibiotic resistant bacteria such a huge worry?

A
  • Don’t work = can’t treat disease.

* Unless a new antibiotic is discovered soon, we may not be able to cure bacterial diseases - millions will die.

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8
Q

Who discovered penicillin and where?

A

Alexander Fleming l, penicillium mould

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9
Q

Stages of development of drugs? (5)

A

• Tested in lab to see if toxic
• Tested on animals to see effect on a whole living organism
^^^^^^ PRECLINICAL ^^^^^^^^
• given to healthy volunteers and patients - low doses to see side effects
• if safe, tried of a small amount of people to see effect of disease
• Bigger clinical trials to find optimum dose
^^^^^^^^^ CLINICAL TRAILS ^^^^^^^^^

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10
Q

New drugs are tested for…. (3)

A

Efficiency, toxicity and dosage

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11
Q

What is a double blind trial?

A

Neither patient or doctor knows which patients have received a placebo and which have received that actual drug

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12
Q

Why are double blind trials used? (2)

A
  • avoid bias because no one knows

- controls psychological effects

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13
Q

Stages of forming monoclonal antibodies? (6)

A
  • Mouse injected with antigen to stimulate production of specific lymphocyte
  • lymphocyte combined with tumour cell
  • to form hybridoma cell
  • hybridoma cell divides and forms clones of itself
  • cells produce a lot of the antibody
  • antibody is collected and purified
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14
Q

Where do preclinical trials take place?

A

laboratory, on cells, tissues and live organisms

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15
Q

Clinical trials use…

A

healthy volunteers and patients - low doses to test safety and higher doses to find optimum dose

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