B5 -Homeostasis And Response Flashcards by Mollie Weston

What is the definition of homeostasis?

The regulation of the conditions inside your body and cells. It maintains a stable internal environment for in response to changes in internal and external conditions.

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What does homeostasis maintain?

Optimal conditions for enzyme action

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What are the 3 things in the body that are maintained?

Body temperature
Blood glucose level
Water content

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What is the definition of receptors?

Detect stimuli ( changes in environment)

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What is the definition of coordination centres?

To receive and process information from receptors and organise a response

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What is the definition of an effector?

To produce a response to counteract change and restore optimal conditions.

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What is the definition of neurones?

Cells that carry information as electric impulses in the nervous system.

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What does the nervous system mean?

That humans can react to their surroundings and coordinate their behaviour.

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What is the order of the nervous system functions?

Stimulus
Receptor
Sensory neurone
CNS
Motor neurone
Effector
Response

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What is the definition of the Central nervous system?

Consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is connected by sensory neurones and motor neurones.

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What is the definition of the synapse?

The connection between two neurones. A nerve signal is transferred across a synapse by the diffusion of chemicals.

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What are reflexes?

Rapid, automatic responses to certain stimuli that don’t involve the conscious part of the brain.
They can reduce the chance of injury.

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What are the five steps in a reflex arc?

Stimulation of pain receptor
Impulses travel along sensory neurone
Impulses passed along relay neurone.
Impulses travel along motor neurone.
Muscle contracts and arm moves

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What is the brain and what does it consist of?

The organ in charge of all our complex behaviours.
It is made up of billions of interconnected neurones.

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What are three methods for studying the brain?

Observe patients with brain damage
Electrically stimulate parts of the brain
Use MRI scanners

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What are two parts of the brain that are front of the brain?

Cerebral cortex - eg consciousness, intelligence, memory, language
Medulla - unconscious activities

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What are two parts of the brain that are found at the back of the brain?

Cerebellum - muscle coordination
Spinal cord

What is the endocrine system?

Made up of glands that secrete chemicals known as hormones directly into the bloodstream, which carries them to the target organs.

What are the 6 glands that are part of the endocrine system?

Pituitary gland
Thyroid
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes

What do the 6 glands produce?

Pituitary gland - stimulates other glands
Thyroid - thyroxine
Adrenal gland - adrenaline
Pancreas - insulin
Ovaries - oestrogen
Testes - testosterone

What are the five steps to reduce blood glucose?

Blood with too much glucose
Pancreas detects high blood glucose and secretes insulin
Insulin causes glucose to move into cells
Insulin makes the liver turn glucose into glycogen which is stored in the liver and muscles.
Blood glucose is reduced.

What are the five steps to increase blood glucose?

Blood with too little glucose.
Glucagon secreted by the pancreas.
Too little glucose but glucagon as well.
Glucagon makes the liver turn glycogen into glucose, which is released from the liver.
Blood glucose increased.

What is the cause, effect and treatment for TYPE 1 DIABETES?

cause - pancreas produces little or no insulin
Effect - blood glucose can rise to dangerously high levels
Treatment - insulin injections

What is the cause, effect and treatment for TYPE 2 DIABETES?

Cause - cells no longer respond to insulin properly
Effect - blood glucose can rise to dangerously high levels
Treatment - carbohydrate - controlled diet and regular exercise.

What does adrenaline do to our bodies? (4)

1. Adrenaline relaxed in response to fear or stress 2. Increase heart rate 3. Increases supply of O2 and glucose to muscles and brain. 4. Readies body for ‘fight or flight’

What does thyroxine do to our bodies?

Thyroxine plays a role in regulating the basal metabolic rate and is important for protein synthesis for growth and development.

What is puberty?

When the body starts releasing sex hormones, which trigger the development of secondary sexual characteristics.

What is the main reproductive hormone in male and in women?

Male - testosterone, which stimulates sperm production Female - oestrogen

What is the main reproductive hormone in male and in women?

Male - testosterone, which stimulates sperm production Female - oestrogen

What is stage 1 and 2 of the menstrual cycle?

1. Menstruation starts. Uterus lining breaks down. 2. Uterus lining builds up into a thick sponger layer full of blood vessels ready to receive a fertilised egg.

What is stage 3 and 4 of the menstrual cycle?

3. Egg develops and is released from ovary - ovulation. 4. Wall is maintained. If no fertilised egg lands on wall, lining breaks down and cycle starts again.

That does the FSH hormone cause to happen?

Causes an egg to mature in an ovary

What do the hormones progesterone, oestrogen and LH do?

Progesterone - maintains uterus lining Oestrogen - causes uterus lining to grow LH - stimulates ovulation

What does FSH stimulate?

Oestrogen which stimulates LH

What does progesterone inhibit?

LH FSH

What does oestrogen inhibit?

FSH

What are the four hormonal methods of contraception?

1. Oral contraceptive pills containing hormones that inhibit FSH and stop eggs maturing. 2. The contraceptive implant that releases progesterone to stop maturation and release of eggs. 3. Injections or skin patches that work the same way to implants but don’t last as long. 4. Intrauterine devices are inserted into uterus to prevent eggs implanting.

What are the 4 non - hormonal methods of contraceptive?

1. Condoms and diaphragms physically prevent speed from reaching egg. 2. Sterilisation - a permanent surgical procedure to stop a man or woman from being fertile. 3. Spermicides disable or kill sperm. 4. Abstaining from sexual intercourse completely

What are women given if they can’t get pregnant? (2)

A fertility drug containing FSH and LH. IVF

What are the steps of IVF? (5)

1. The woman is given FSH and LH to stimulate several eggs to mature 2. The eggs are collected from the woman’s ovaries. 3. The eggs are fertilised in a lab using the man’s sperm. 4. The fertilised eggs are grown into embryos. 5. Once the embryos are tiny balls of cells, one or two of them are transferred to the woman’s uterus.

What are the three negatives of IVF?

1. It’s emotionally and physically stressful 2. Low success rate 3. Can lead to multiple births,which can be dangerous for mother and babies.