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GCSE Biology > B5 COPY > Flashcards

B5 COPY Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the lungs do?

A

Transfers Oxygen to the blood

-Contain alveoli where oxygen diffuses into and carbon dioxide diffuses out.

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2
Q

How are the alveolar specialized to maximise the rate of diffusion?

A
  • Large surface area

- Very thin walls

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3
Q

What is the role of the Villi?

A

The Villi increases the surface area so that digested food can be absorbed quickly into the blood.

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4
Q

What is the role of the Arteries?

A

To carry blood away from the heart

  • thick walls as blood come out at a high pressure
  • walls able to spring back(extend)
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5
Q

What is the role of the Capillaries?

A

To exchange substances in blood

  • supply oxygen and take away carbon dioxide
  • 1 cell thick to allow fast diffusion
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6
Q

What is the role of the Veins?

A

To carry blood back to the heart

  • large lumen, thin walls as blood travels at a slow pace
  • contain valves to prevent back flow
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7
Q

What is the role of Plasma?

A

To transport substances round your body

-E.g, red blood cells and white blood cells

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8
Q

What is the role of the red blood cell?

A

To carry oxygen around the body.

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9
Q

What does the Central Nervous System do?

A

The CNS coordinates a response and sends a message to an effector which performs the response.

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10
Q

What do Neurons do?

A

Electrical impulses are passed along the axon of a neuron, which is surrounded by a fatty sheath. The fatty sheath insulates and speeds up the impulse.Neurons have branched endings, where they connect with other neurons.

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11
Q

What does the brain consist of?

A

Brain stem
-controls unconscious activities, e.g breathing.
Cerebral Cortex
-Responsible for memory and language etc.
Cerebellum
-Responsible for conscious movement

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12
Q

What methods do we use to study the brain?

A
  • Study patients with brain damage
  • Electrically stimulate the brain
  • fMRI scans
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13
Q

Why is treating brain problems tricky?

A
  • Treatment could lead to permanent damage
  • Ethical issues-e.g some people may not be able to consent
  • Some areas of the brain extremely hard to access
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14
Q

What are Hormones?

A

Hormones are chemical messengers sent in the blood

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15
Q

What is Adrenaline?

A

Adrenaline is a hormone released by the adrenal glands.

Adrenaline increases blood flow-faster heart rate, more aerobic respiration

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16
Q

What is Negative Feedback?

A

Negative feedback is when the body triggers a response when something is too high or too low to put it back to normal level.

17
Q

What are the 4 stages of the menstrual cycle?

A

Stage 1: Lining of the uterus breaks down
Stage 2:Uterus is repaired in preparation for an egg.
Stage 3:An egg develops
Stage 4:If no fertilized egg has landed on the uterus by
day 28, the process starts again.

18
Q

What 4 hormones control the menstrual cycle?

A 
FSH
-cases egg to mature
OESTROGEN
-cause uterus lining to thicken
LH
-allows egg to be released
PROGESTERONE
-maintains the lining of the uterus in preparation fertilized egg.
19
Q

How can hormones be used to treat infertility?

A

Some women’s levels of FSH are too low so the egg cannot develop
-So FSH can be injected into a woman.

20
Q

What do Hormonal Contraceptive methods do?

A
  • Helps block the entrance to the uterus to prevent sperm from reaching an egg
  • Thins lining of the uterus to reduce the chance of a fertilized egg implanting.
21
Q

What are the disadvantages of contraceptives?

A
  • side affects
  • barrier methods may not work
  • length of hormonal contraceptive
  • STIs
22
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

Maintaining a constant internal environment

-conditions are kept within a narrow range

23
Q

What negative feedback occurs when your body temperature is too hot?

A
  • Hairs lie flat
  • Sweat
  • Vasodilation
24
Q

What negative feedback occurs when your body temperature is too cold?

A
  • hairs stand up to insulate you
  • little sweat produced
  • vasoconstriction
25
Q

What do Insulin and Glucagon do?

A

When blood glucose level is too high- Insulin added

When blood glucose level is too low- Glucagon added

26
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

A condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin

27
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

A condition in which the body becomes resistant to the effects of insulin or doesn’t make enough insulin

28
Q

What are the key parts of the eye?

A

CORNEA
-refracts light
IRIS
-controls amount of light

29
Q

How does the IRIS work to protect the retina?

A

When bright light is shined into the eye, the pupil shrinks to allow less light in
When dim light is shined into eyes, pupils widen as muscles relax.

30
Q

What happens when you are long sighted and how can it be fixed?

A

They are unable to focus on near objects as image is past the retina.
-if you put a convex lens in front of the eyes the image will be on the retina so the image will be clearer.

31
Q

What happens when you are short sighted and how can it be fixed?

A

They are unable to focus on distant objects as the image is before the retina.
-If you put a concave lens in front of the eye, the rays diverge and join at the retina.

32
Q

Why is balancing water content important?

A
  • If there is too much water in cells, there will be too much osmosis, which can cause a cell to burst
  • If there is not enough water in cells, the cells may shrink.
33
Q

How do kidneys help control water content?

Where is urine formed?

A

Kidneys control the volume of urine produced and how concentrated it is.
Urine is formed in the Tubules

34
Q

How is the concentration of urine controlled?

A

When you have gained too much water, less ADH is produced, which means that kidneys absorb less water.
When you have lost too much water, more ADH is produced, therefore the kidneys absorb more water.

35
Q

What factors can affect urine?

A

Sweating and dehydration cause water loss, therefore more ADH is produced so that your kidneys absorb more water.

36
Q

What does ADH do?

A

makes the kidney tubes more permeable so that more water can be absorbed.

GCSE Biology (11 decks)

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