B1 COPY Flashcards
What is eukaryotic cell? What does it contain?
A cell that stores its genetic material inside its nucleus It contains: -Nucleus -Cytoplasm -Partial permeable membrane -Mitochondria -Ribosomes
What is a prokaryotic cell? What does it contain?
A cell which contains its genetic material inside one long circular chromosome It contains: -One long circular chromosome -Plasmids(loops of DNA) -Cell membranes
What are chromosomes?
Genetic material is stored as chromosomes.
-Usually come in pairs
What is the genome?
The genome is the entire genetic material of an organism.
What are genes?
- Genes are short lengths of DNA on a chromosome.
- Each gene codes for a particular sequence of amino acids.
What are alleles?
Alleles are different versions of the same gene.
What is your genotype?
The combination of alleles an organism has for each gene.
What is the phenotype?
The characteristics an organism displays.
What is DNA made up of?
DNA is made up of monomers. -Adenine -Cytosine -Guanine -Thymine Parts of DNA always have the same phosphate and sugar, but different bases.
What is protein synthesis?
The DNA contains the gene for coding the protein:
- In the nucleus, the 2 DNA strands unzip
- DNA is used as a template to make mRNA
- The mRNA moves out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm, where it joins to a ribosome.
- Amino acids are then joined together by the ribosome, which creates a protein.
What are mutations? What types of mutations are there?
Mutations are changes to the genome. -Insertions -Deletions -Substitutions Mutations can affect the proteins an organism makes.
What does homozygous for a trait mean?
Two alleles the same e.g.CC
What does heterozygous for a trait mean?
Two different alleles e.g. Cc
What was Gregor Mendel’s first cross?
He crossed a TT(tall plant) with a tt(dwarf plant)
All of his offspring were Tt
What was Gregor Mendel’s second cross?
He crossed the offspring of the first results together (Tt)He found that 1/4 of the offspring were small
This showed him that T was the dominant allele.
How has our understanding of genetics developed since Mendel?
- We now know the “inherited factors” are genes.
- We can find out the order of an organisms genes
- Scientists can identify which parts of the genome control certain characteristics.
What are the positives of genetic testing?
- If people know they have a disease, they could change their lifestyle.
- Treatment can begin early
- Genetic testing can show a couple how likely the chance of disease is for a baby.
What are the negatives of genetic testing?
- Discrimination
- Increased stress
- False positives and false negatives
How does genetic engineering work?
- Useful gene isolated
- Plasmid cut open
- Gene inserted into plasmid.
- Mixed with bacteria to make the bacteria become genetically modified.
- Cells then replicate.
How can genetic engineering be useful in medicine and agriculture?
- Produces more food for population
- Genetically engineering bacteria to produce insulin is very useful
