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Biology Paper 2 > B5: Coordination & Control > Flashcards

B5: Coordination & Control Flashcards

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1
Q

What happens when your heart beat increases? [3]:

A
  • High blood pressure which can cause…
  • General fatigue of the heart
  • Weaker blood vessels to rupture
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2
Q

Homeostasis [definition]:

A

The automatic regulation of internal conditions in an organism

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3
Q

Endocrine system [definition]:

A

A system of glands that release chemical messengers, like hormones, into the bloodstream

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4
Q

The nervous system [definition]:

A

A system of nerves that carry electrical impulses

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5
Q

What are the different types of neurones in the reflex arc? [3]:

A
  • Sensory neurone
  • Relay neurone
  • Motor neurone
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6
Q

Sensory neurone:

A

Carries electrical impulses to the central nervous system

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7
Q

Relay neurone:

A

Relays electrical impulses from sensory neurones to the appropriate motor neurone

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8
Q

Motor neurone:

A

Carries electrical impulse from the central nervous systemto an effector

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9
Q

What are factors that effect reaction time ? [2]:

A
  • Caffeine consumption

- Excercise

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10
Q

Components of the nervous system [3]:

A
  • Brain
  • Spinal cord
  • Neurones
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11
Q

Synapses [definition]:

A

Gaps between neurons which can be found at each junction of a reflex arc

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12
Q

Reflexes [definition]:

A

Rapid and automatic movements that allow us to respond to dangerous situations

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13
Q

Examples of reflexes [3]:

A
  • Blinking
  • Sneezing
  • Dropping hot objects
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14
Q

Components of the Reflex Arc [5]:

A
  • Stimuli
  • Receptors
  • Neurons
  • Effectors
  • Response
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15
Q

The Brain [definition]:

A

A complex organ that controls all concious and unconcious thoughts in order to keep an organism alive

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16
Q

What makes brain damage/disease difficult to treat? [2]:

A
  • The brain is delicate

- Thebrain is not well understood

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17
Q

Medulla [definition]:

A

The part of the brain responsible for unconscious thoughts

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18
Q

Cerebellum [definition]:

A

The part of the brain responsible for muscle control

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19
Q

What is the Cerebellum important for? [4]:

A
  • Movement
  • Balance
  • Posture
  • Speech
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20
Q

Cerebral Cortex [definition]:

A

The part of the brain responsible for conscious thoughts

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21
Q

What is the Cerebral Cortex important for? [3]:

A
  • Memories
  • Languages
  • Intelligence
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22
Q

Methods of learning about the Brain [3]:

A
  • Studying brain damage
  • MRI scanning
  • Electrical system
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23
Q

How does studying brain damage works? [2]

A
  • It helps mapping in structure and related functions

- studying people with different types of brain damage and then comparing them

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24
Q

In a reflex action…

A

the nerve impulse follows a pathway called the reflex arc.

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25
Q

Spinal reflexises do not…

A

involve the brain

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26
Q

Spinal reflexes do not…

A

involve the brain

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27
Q

How do nerve impulses travel across the synapses?

A

Nerve impulses pass across a synapse with the help of chemical transmitter molecules.

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28
Q

What are the components of the human eye? [9]:

A
  • Retina
  • Iris
  • Pupil
  • Optic nerve
  • Cornea
  • Lens
  • Ciliary muscles
  • Suspensory ligaments
  • Sclera
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29
Q

Retina [definition]:

A

Made up of light-sensitive receptors

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30
Q

Optic nerve [definition]:

A

Carries impulses from the retina to the brain

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31
Q

Cornea [definition]:

A

Transparent region of the sclera located at the front of the eye

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32
Q

Lens [definition]:

A

Focuses light rays on the retina

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33
Q

Pupil [definition]:

A

The hole in the centre of the iris that allows light to pass through

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34
Q

Iris [definition]:

A

The coloured bit of the eye; has sets of muscles that control the size of the pupil and regulate the light reaching the retina

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35
Q

Suspensory ligaments [definition]:

A

Change the shape of the lens to focus light on the retina

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36
Q

Ciliary muscles [definition]:

A

Ring of smooth muscles that change the shape of the lens that focuses the eye

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37
Q

What is the name of the receptor cells in the eye that percieve colour?

A

Cones

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38
Q

What is the function of the cones?

A

They convert light into the electrical energy of a nerve impulse

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39
Q

In dim lighting…[2]:

A
  • Ciliary muscles contract, making the pupil larger

- This is to allow the retina to receive as much light as possible

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40
Q

In bright light…[2]:

A
  • Ciliary muscles relax, leaving the pupil small

- This is so that the retina does not receive too much light

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41
Q

Accommodation [definition]:

A

The process by which the eye lens changes shape to better see objects at different distances

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42
Q

Focusing on objects up close [4]:

A
  • Ciliary muscles contract
  • Causes suspensory ligaments to loosen
  • Causes lens to become thicker and rounder
  • Results in significant refraction of light rays
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43
Q

Focusing on a Close object [4]:

A
  • Ciliary muscles contract
  • Suspensory ligaments loosen
  • Lens becomes thicker and rounder
  • Resulting in significant refraction of light rays
44
Q

Focusing on a distant object [4]:

A
  • Ciliary muscles relax
  • Suspensory ligaments tighten
  • Lens becomes flatter and thinner
  • Minor refraction of light rays
45
Q

Hyperopia [definition]:

A
  • Happens when rays of light focus behind the retina

- long-sightedness

46
Q

Myopia [2]:

A
  • When rays of light focus in front of the retina

- short-sightedness

47
Q

Thermoregulation [definition]:

A
  • Control of the body temperature
48
Q

Focusing on distant objects [4]:

A
  • Ciliary muscles relax
  • Causes suspensory ligaments to tighten
  • Causes lens to become thinner and flatter
  • Results in minor refraction of light rays
49
Q

Hyperopia [2]:

A
  • long sightedness

- When rays of light focus behind the retina

50
Q

Myopia [2]:

A
  • Short-sightedness

- When rays of light focus in front of the retina

51
Q

Endocrine glands [6]:

A
  • Adrenal glands
  • Thyroid glands
  • Pituitary gland
  • Pancreas
  • Testes
  • Ovaries
52
Q

Adrenal glands [3]:

A
  • Two glands located above the kidney
  • Produce adrenaline
  • Triggers the ‘fight or flight’ response
53
Q

Thyroid glands [3]:

A
  • In the neck
  • Releases thyroxine
  • Thyroxine regulates metabolism, heart rate and temperature
54
Q

Testes [2]:

A
  • Produce testosterone

- Testosterone controls puberty and sperm production

55
Q

Pituitary gland [4]:

A
  • Main endocrine gland found in the brain
  • Linked to hypothalamus region of the brain
  • Releases hormones in response to changes detected by the hypothalamus region
  • Hormones mostly trigger glands to release more hormones
56
Q

Pancreas [2]:

A
  • Produces insulin and glucagon

- These are involved in regulating blood glucose levels

57
Q

Ovaries [3]:

A
  • Produce oestrogen
  • Oestrogen controls puberty
  • Main hormone in regulating the menstrual cycle
58
Q

Menstruation…

A

only lasts for the time a person is bleeding

59
Q

Progesterone [3]:

A
  • Produced in the ovaries after ovulation
  • Maintains the lining of the uterus from day 14-28 of the
    menstrual cycle
  • Inhibits the release of LH and FSH
60
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

[3]:

A
  • Secreted by the pituitary gland
  • FSH stimulates the ovaries to produce Oestrogen
  • FSH causes the eggs to mature in the ovaries
61
Q

Oestrogen [3]:

A
  • Produced in the ovaries
  • It Causes the development of the thick, spongy uterus
    lining
  • Inhibits futher release of FSH and stimulates the release of LH
62
Q

Luteinising Hormone [2]:

A
  • Produced in the pituitary gland

- It stimulates the release of a mature egg on day 14 of the menstrual cycle

63
Q

What happens when Progesterone levels drop?

A
  • It triggers the breakdown of the uterus lining

- This marks day 1 of the Menstrual cycle

64
Q

Menstrual cycle Stage 1

(Day 1-4):

A

The uterus lining breaks down, resulting in bleeding

65
Q

Menstrual cycle Stage 2

(Days 4-14):

A

The uterus lining starts to build up again into a thick, spongy layer full of blood vessels

66
Q

Menstrual cycle Stage 3

(Day 14):

A

Ovulation happens. This is when an egg is released from one of the ovaries

67
Q

Menstrual cycle Stage 4

(Days 15-28):

A

The uterus lining is maintained, which means that it is now ready for the arrival of a fertilised egg

68
Q

What happens if the egg is not fertilised during the menstrual cycle?

A

If not fertilised, the egg is attached to the uterus lining, the lining breaks down and the cycle begins again

69
Q

The combined pill [2]:

A
  • Contains both Oestrogen and Progesterone
  • By taking it every day, enough oestrogen builds up in the female body to inhibit the production of FSH so that no eggs mature.
70
Q

Progesterone-only pill [3]:

A
  • Stimulates the production of thick, sticky mucus, which is very difficult for any sperm to penetrate.
  • Inhibits the release of FSH, so that eggs don’t mature.
  • Has fewer side effects then the combined pill but equally effective
71
Q

The contraceptive injection [2]:

A
  • Contains progesterone

- Lasts up to 3 months

72
Q

The contraceptive implant [3]:

A
  • Inserted under the skin
  • continually releases small amounts of progesterone
  • can last for 3 years
73
Q

Contraceptive patch [3]:

A
  • The woman places a small contraceptive patch on her skin
  • steadily releases progesterone
  • Has to be changed 1 a week
74
Q

Intrauterine device IUD [3]:

A
  • They are small t-shaped devices that are inserted into the uterus.
  • They work by preventing implantation of an embryo (fertilised egg).
  • Some intrauterine devices also release progesterone.
75
Q

Diaphragms [3]:

A
  • A diaphragm is a shallow plastic cup, which is inserted into the vagina prior to sexual intercourse and sits at the entrance to the uterus.
  • It is designed to prevent the sperm from reaching the egg.
  • It can also be covered in a spermicide to kill the sperm.
76
Q

Which pill has the fewest side effects?

A

the progesterone only one

77
Q

Which STIs are condoms effective agianst:

A

Condoms are effective in protecting against sexually transmitted infections (STIs), such as chlamydia, gonorrhoea and HIV.

78
Q

Sterilisation in women:

A

For a woman, this involves having the fallopian tubes (ducts which connect the ovaries to the uterus) cut so that an egg cannot reach the uterus.

79
Q

Sterilisation in men:

A

For a man, this involves having the sperm ducts (the tubes between the testes and the penis) cut so that the sperm are not released on ejaculation.

80
Q

Sterilisation:

A

Sterilisation is a permanent procedure to remove any chance of getting pregnant.

81
Q

Timing [2]:

A
  • Since a female’s body temperature usually rises during ovulation, some women choose to avoid sexual intercourse on days when they know (or feel) that they are ovulating.
  • However, sperm can last up to six days inside the woman’s body, so this is not a very reliable or effective method of contraception.
82
Q

Abstinence

A
  • The only truly effective way (apart from sterilisation) to avoid pregnancy is abstinence.
  • This simply means that a couple chooses to not have sexual intercourse unless they are ready for a baby.
83
Q

Puberty effects on males [3]:

A
  • The amount of the hormone testosterone rises. This stimulates sperm production.
  • Underarm, facial and pubic hair grow.
  • Voice deepens.
84
Q

Puberty effects on females [3]:

A
  • The amount of the hormone oestrogen rises and triggers the menstrual cycle.
  • Underarm and pubic hair grow.
  • Breasts enlarge.
85
Q

Diabetes type 1 [5]:

A
  • In type 1 diabetes, sufferers are unable to produce enough insulin.
  • Type 1 diabetes develops during childhood.
  • We do not know what causes Type 1 diabetes, but we think that the body’s immune system attacks the pancreas cells.
  • The main treatment is to inject insulin when blood glucose levels rise too high.
  • Sufferers can also manage their diet and exercise regularly to keep blood glucose levels as steady as possible.
86
Q

Diabetes type 2 [3]:

A
  • In type 2 diabetes, sufferers can still produce insulin, but their body no longer responds to it.
  • Type 2 usually develops in later life
  • sufferers must manage their diet and exercise regularly to keep blood glucose levels steady.
87
Q

Too little glucose

A

If there is not enough glucose, an organism cannot produce enough energy.

88
Q

Too much glucose

A

If blood glucose levels are too high, this can have a negative impact on osmosis (movement of water between cells) by affecting concentration gradients.

89
Q

Which hormone is released when glucose is too high?

A

insulin

90
Q

Which hormone is released when glucose is too low?

A

glucagon

91
Q

When too little glucose is detected [5]:

A
  • Low concentration of blood glucose is detected
  • This triggers the pancreas to release glucagon into the blood stream
  • glucagon is detected by the liver
  • the liver converts stores of glucagon into glucose and releases it into the bloodstream
  • process continues until pancreas detects normal glucose levels
92
Q

Water leaves the body if…[5]:

A
  • sweating
  • Urinating
  • breathing
  • too much salt
  • illness
93
Q

kidneys:

A

The kidneys are important for homeostasis. They control the water and ion levels in the blood.

94
Q

excess water is …

A

monitored by the hypothalamus in the brain

95
Q

Production of urea [3]:

A
  • digestion of protein results in excess amino acids
  • in the liver the amino acids undergo deamnation
  • produces urea
96
Q

Light investigation [4]:

A
  • Place the seeds in petri dishes with damp cotton wool, and leave them in a warm place to germinate (develop).
  • Randomly divide the petri dishes into three groups and assign each group to Full sunlight in a windowsill, Darkness, Partial light
  • Measure the height of the plants daily for a week.
  • Draw and label biological drawings to show the effects.
97
Q

Ethene [definition]:

A

Ethene is a gas that controls cell division and the ripening of fruits.

98
Q

Auxins [2]:

A
  • Auxins change growth patterns to allow roots and shoots to move either towards or away from a stimulus
  • Responses to stimuli that involve directional growth are called tropisms.
99
Q

Gibberellins:

A

Gibberellins are important in starting off the seed germination (sprouting) process.

100
Q

Phototropism:

A

+ growth towards a light source

- growth away from a light source

101
Q

gravitropism [2]:

A

+ growth towards the direction of gravity

- growth away from the direction of gravity

102
Q

Why is homeostasis important in organisms?

A

Organisms must regulate their body’s internal conditions to make sure their enzymes and cells function well.

103
Q

What internal conditions are regulated in the human body? [5]:

A
  • Carbon dioxide levels
  • Water levels
  • Urea concentration
  • Body temperature
  • Blood sugar levels
104
Q

Dialysis [definition]:

A

The artificial removal of urea and excess materials from the blood

105
Q

Water reabsorbtion

A

-

Biology Paper 2 (4 decks)

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