B5 And B6 Flashcards
What is health
Health is a state of mental well-being
What is a major cause of ill health
Communicable diseases and non communicable diseases
What are other factors of ill health
Diet
Stress
Life situations
What can diseases that are infecting the same body do
They interact and work with each other making the health of the person much worse
What microorganisms do communicable diseases come from
Pathogens: Bacteria Fungi Viruses Protists
What do viruses and bacteria do that makes you feel ill
They reproduce
Viruses enter a cell and use its reproductive system to make lots of itself
Bacteria reproduce by themselves quite rapidly and as well as producing toxins that make you feel ill
How are pathogens spread
Direct contact
Air
Water
Indirect contact
What do you grow in petri dishes
Cultures of microorganisms
To get the best result in petri dishes what do you need to do
Make sure all the equipment is sterile and uncontaminated
What temperature do you incubate a petri dish at
25°c
How quick does bacteria in the right conditions multiply
Every 20 minutes
How can you investigate the effects of disinfectants and antibiotics on bacteria
By using agar plates and calculating the area of the clear areas in the places around the disinfectant or antibiotic
How can you prevent the spreading of a disease
Hygiene
Destroying vectors
Isolating the infected
Vaccinations
Measles virus
It is spread by droplet infection
It causes fever and a rash and can be fatal
There is no cure however isolation and vaccinations help stop it from being spread
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
Hiv initially seems like a flue
Without it being managed it can be developed into aids
It is spread through sexual contact
Needs to be managed as there is not cure
Tobacco mosaic virus
Spread through contact and vectors
It damages leaves and reduces photo synthesis
Can be prevented by lest controll
Salmonella (bacterial)
Spread through undercooked food and poor hygiene
Causes a fever, abdominal cramps, diarrhoea and vomiting from toxins created
Vaccinations are in place to stop the spread of the disease
Gonorrhoea(bacterial)
a std
Cause discharge from the genital areas and pain also
Stop spreading use condoms and limit sexual partners.
Can be treated by antibiotics however is becoming resistant to them
Rose black spot (fungal)
Spread in wind and water
It damages leaves so they drop off
Reduces photosynthesis.
Controlled by removing infected leaves and chemical sprays
Malaria (protists)
Is spread by the bite of female mosquitos. It damages blood and liber cells, causes fevers and shaking, can be fatal.
Spreading is reduced by preventing vectors from breeding and by using mosquito nets to prevent being bitten at all
Name the bodies lines of defence
Skin acts as a barrier
The nose has mucus to stop the entry
The stomach is acidic
The eyes tears are antiseptic
What to white blood cells do
They ingest them and make antibodies and anti toxins to defend the body from them
What is vaccination
small amounts of inactive pathogen are put into the body by injection
Antigens in the vaccine stimulate your white blood cells into making antibodies that will then destroy the virus without risk of the vaccinated catching the disease
You are then immune in the future to the pathogens as you now have the defences ready to respond rapidly to the disease coming back
What is heard immunity
If a large percentage of the population is immune to a pathogen those who aren’t have less of a chance of catching it therefore the spread of the pathogen is reduced
What do antibiotics do
Cure bacterial diseases by killing the pathogens inside your body
It has greatly reduced deaths from bacterial infections in the body
What is happening from the over use of antibiotics
Some bacteria is becoming resistant to the antibiotics
Why cant antibiotics cure viral diseases
Because they are in the body cells there isn’t yet a drug that can cure them without damaging the body cells
How did we traditionally get drugs
They were extracted from plants for example digitalis
Who discovered penicillin and how was penicillin discovered
Alexander Fleming
It was an accident from the penicillin mould created in his room when he left a petri dish out when he went on holiday
What are new drugs tested on
Efficacy
Tissues
Live animals
What is a double blind trial
Where the patients dont know who is getting the real drug and who’s getting the placebo and neither does the scientist know who is so then you can see if the drug worked on the patients that did get it with no bias
