B1 and 2 Flashcards
What is the max magnification of light microscopes
X2000
What is the max resolution of a light microscope
200nm
What is the max magnification of electron microscopes
X2000000
What is the max resolution of an electron microscope
0.2nm
Magnification formulae
Magnification= size of image / size of object
What are the features of an animal cell
Nucleus cytoplasm cell membrane mitochondria ribosomes
What is in a plant cells
Nucleus cytoplasm cell membrane mitochondria ribosomes cellulose and cell wall chloroplasts permanent vacuole
What are the features of eukaryotic cells
Membrane cytoplasm and dna enclosed in a nucleus
What are features of prokaryotic
Cytoplasm cell membrane surrounded by a cell wall plasmids
What are all bacteria
Prokaryotic cells
What is differentiation in cells
When a cell differentiates to have a different sub cellular structure that is specialised to do a certain task
Name examples of specialised animal cells
Nerve cells
Sperm cells
Muscle cells
Name examples of specialised plant cells
Root hair cells
Photosynthetic cells
Xylem cells
Phloem cells
What is diffusion
The spreading out of particles gas liquid or solid in a net movement of higher concentration to lower concentration down a concentration gradient
What factors can effect the rate of diffusion
Difference in concentrations
Temperature
Available surface area
What is osmosis
Osmosis is a special type of diffusion where water moves from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a semi permeable membrane
What is active transport
Active transport is the movement of particles against the concentration gradient that uses energy released from food and respiration to do so it allows particles that are too big to get inside a cells membrane
Give an example of active transport
The movement of sugar molecules from respiration to the higher concentration in the gut sonit gan get into the blood stream
What is sa : v
Surface area to volume ratio used in exchanging materials
What is cell division
The process in which a cell clones itself
How are chromosomes found
In pairs
Cell division happens in a series of stages called?
The cell cycle
What are the 3 stages of the cell cycle
Stage 1: interphase
Stage 2: mitosis
Stage 3:cytokericit
What happens in the interphase
The genetic material is prepared and copied
What happens in mitosis
The nucleus then divides into two separate nuclei
What happens in cytokericit
The cell divides in to 2 different cells
What can plant cells do with differentiation
They retain the ability to differentiate throughout all of their life
What do animal cells do with differentiation
Animal cells differentiate at an early age and only once can ghey differentiate
What is a stem cell
They are cells that have the ability to differentiate and clone into many different types of specialised cells
What are the two types of stem cells
Adult and embryonic stem cells
Where do you get embryonic stem cells
They are found in the inner part of the embryo
Where do you find adult stem cells
In your bone marrow
In plants where are stem cells found
The meristems and this gives plants the ability to clone quickly in the right conditions
What is the problem with using stem cells in treatments for humans
There are some bad risks and as well there are ethical and religion issues with the use of them
