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Biology 4-5-6 > B5 > Flashcards

B5 Flashcards

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0
Q

What are internal skeletons made from?

A

Bone and cartilage, living tissue

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1
Q

Describe Internal skeletons?

A
  • provide a frame work and shape
  • grow with body
  • easy to attach muscles to
  • joints to allow flexibility
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2
Q

What are external skeletons made from?

A
  • chitin
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3
Q

Describe Long bones?

A
  • have a hollow shaft.
  • they weight less and are stronger than solid bones.
  • the head of the bone is covered in hard, slippery cartilage to lubricate movement
  • the shaft contains bone marrow and blood vessels
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4
Q

What is OSSIFICATION?

A
  • when during growth the cartilage is replaced by calcium and phosphorus salts, which make the bone hard.
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5
Q

Describe the three types of bone breaks and fractures?

A
  • a simple fracture is when the bone breaks cleanly
  • a green stick fracture is when the none doesn’t break compleatly
  • a compound fracture is when the bone broken breaks through muscle and skin
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6
Q

What is OSTEOPOROSIS?

A
  • a condition where bones become weakened and break easily
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7
Q

Describe the two types of SYNOVIAL JOINT?

A
  • HINGE JOINTS- bends in only one direction

- BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS- allow rotation

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8
Q

What is meant by ANTAGONISTIC MUSCLES? Example?

A
  • when one contracts the other relaxes

Example: Biceps and Triceps

1- to bend the arm, the biceps contracts, pulling the radius bone. The triceps relaxes

2- to straighten the arm, the triceps contracts pulling the ulna bone. The biceps relax

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9
Q

What is an open circulatory system?

A
  • blood isn’t contained in blood vessels, it fills up the body cavity
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10
Q

What is a closed circulatory system?

A
  • blood is pumped through vessels called arteries, veins and capillaries
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11
Q

Describe a single circulatory system?

A
  • has a heart with two chambers
  • deoxygenated blood is pumped to the gills, then the oxygenated blood is pumped to the body.
  • there is enough pressure to get the blood around the body
  • pressure is lower and materials are transported more slowly around the body.
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12
Q

Describe a DOUBLE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM?

A
  • a double circulatory system has a heart with four chambers:

> in one circuit, deoxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

> in the other circuit, oxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the respiring body cells and back to the heart

> the blood returns to the heart for a further pup otherwise there wouldn’t be enough pressure for the blood to go around the body.

> blood is under higher pressure in a double circulatory system, so materials are transported faster

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13
Q

Describe the hearts high energy requirements?

A
  • “the coronary artery” supplies the heart itself with glucose and oxygen
  • “the pulmonary vein” carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
  • “the aorta” carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body
  • ” the vena cava” carries deoxygenated blood from the parts of the body back to the heart
  • ” the pulmonary artery” carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
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14
Q

Describe each heat beat in the CARDIAC CYCLE?

A

1- the heart relaxes and blood enters both atria from veins. The atrioventricular valves are open

2- the atria contract to push blood into the ventricles

3- the ventricles contracts, pushing blood into the arteries. The semilunar valves open to allow this whilst the atrioventricular valves close

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15
Q

The heart beat is controlled by groups of cells called the pacemaker, how do they work?

A
  • they produce small electrical impulses, which spread across the heart muscle, simulating it to contract
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16
Q

What are the two methods used to monitor the heart?

A
  • an ELECTROCARDIOGRAM is used to monitor the electrical impulses from the heart
  • an ECHOCARDIOGRAM uses ultrasound to produce an image of the beating heart
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17
Q

What causes an IRREGULAR HEART BEAT?

A
  • occurs if the pacemaker becomes faulty.
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18
Q

What happens if the CUSPID and SEMILUNAR valves become weak or damaged?

A
  • blood is allowed to flow backwards and blood pressure is reduced
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19
Q

What happens if a person is born with a hole in their heart?

A
  • deoxygenated blood is able to mix with oxygenated blood so the efficiency of transporting oxygen to tissues is reduced
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20
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of pacemakers and heart valves? Compared to heart transplant

A

ADVANTAGES:

  • less risk of rejection
  • involve a less traumatic operation
  • pacemakers and valves can be mechanicals so a donor is not needed.
  • shorter waiting time than for a donor
  • the patient must take anticoagulants for the rest of their life,

DISADVANTAGE:
- May need replacing

21
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of heart transplants compared to pacemakers?

A
  • ADVANTAGES:
  • the transplanted organ will last for the lifetime of the person
  • the patient will feel better immediately

DISADVANTAGES:

  • major, expensive operation
  • must come from a dad donor
  • long waiting time
  • need to take immunosuppressants for the rest of life
22
Q

What is HAEMOPHILIA?

A
  • an inherited disease where the blood fails to clot due to a faulty clotting protein, sufferers can bleed to death
23
Q

What are the four different blood groups?

A

A
B
AB
O

24
Q

How do fish gills exchange gases?

A
  • the oxygen is absorbed by the many fine filaments in the gills
  • the oxygen is transported away from the gill filaments by the blood supply.
25
Q

What does the human thorax (chest cavity) contain?

A
  • TRACHEA- a flexible tube, surrounded by rings of cartilage to stop it collapsing
  • BRONCHI- branches of the trachea
  • BRONCHIOLES- branches of a bronchus
  • LUNGS- to inhale and exhale air for gas exchange
  • ALVEOLI (air sacks) - site of gas exchange
  • INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES- the raise and lower the ribs
  • PLEURAL MEMBRANES- to protect and lubricate the surface of the lung
  • DIAPHRAGM- a muscular sheet between the thorax and abdomen
26
Q

During breathing what are the volume and pressure of the cheat cavity changed by?

A
  • the intercostal muscles

- the diaphragm

27
Q

What happens when the intercostal muscles contract?

A
  • the rib age moves upwards and outwards,
  • the diaphragm also contracts and flattens
  • increased the volume of chest cavity
  • pressure in lungs falls so air rushes in
28
Q

What are, TIDAL AIR, VITAL CAPACITY, RESIDUAL AIR?

A
  • TIDAL AIR- the volume of air breathed in or out in a normal breath
  • VITAL CAPACITY AIR- the maximum volume of air that can be used for gas exchange in the lungs- a maximum breath in followed by a maximum breath out
  • RESIDUAL AIR- the volume of air that stays on the lungs when we breath out
29
Q

What happens in the AVEOLI?

A

-carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the Alveoli and oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood . This is GAS EXCHANGE

The alveoli are adapted for gas exchange by:

  • a massive surface area
  • a moist thin, permeable surface
  • an excellent blood supply
30
Q

What is ASBESTOSIS?

A
  • an industrial disease caused by inhaling asbestos fibers. These fibers get aped in air sacs reducing gas exchange.
  • causes coughing breathlessness and death
31
Q

What is CYSTIC FIBROSIS?

A
  • genetically inherited

- too much overly stick mucus is produced on the lungs

32
Q

What is PNEUMONIA.?

A
  • caused by a virus or bacterial infection. Causes inflammation in the lungs where fluid builds up
33
Q

What happens during an asthma attack?

A
  • the lining of the bronchioles becomes inflamed. Fluid and mucus builds up,in the airways and the muscles around the bronchioles contract, constricting the airways
34
Q

What specific enzyme does the mouth contain, and what does it break down?

A
  • ,contains carbohydrase

- breaks down carbohydrates

35
Q

What specific enzyme does the stomach contain, and what does it break down?

A
  • contains PROTEASE

- breaks down proteins into amino acids

36
Q

What specific enzyme does the small intestine contain, and what does it break down?

A
  • contains:
    > carbohydrase
    > protease
    > lipase
  • breaks down:
    > carbohydrates
    > proteins
    > fats into fatty acids
37
Q

Why does the body produce BILE?

A
  • to emulsify fat droplets, which are hard to digest

- it breaks down large droplets into smaller droplets to increase their surface area

38
Q

How is the small intestine adapted for the efficient absorption of food?

A
  • long and has a thin lining
  • has a large surface area provided by villi and microvilli
  • permeable surface and rich blood supply
39
Q

What are the waste products made in the body?

A
  • CARBON DIOXIDE- produced by respiration, toxic and must be removed
  • UREA- produced from excess amino avoids broken down in the liver. Removed by kidneys
  • SWEAT
40
Q

What is the amount of ester in the blood controlled by?

A

The kidneys

41
Q

What do the kidneys do?

A
  • clean the blood

- excrete urea, water and salts.

42
Q

Describe the kidneys?

A
  • contain millions of tiny tubules which are very close to the blood capillaries
  • they filter the blood at high pressure to separate the small molecules from the blood. They then reabsorb the useful substances such as sugar and water.
43
Q

What are the four stages of the menstruated cycle?

A

1- the uterus lining breaks down
2- the uterus wall is repaired and gradually thickens
3- the egg is released
4- the uterus lining stays think for a fertilised egg

44
Q

What is FSH hormone?

A
  • stimulates the egg to ripen in the ovary, the ovary releases oestrogen, a hormone which stimulates the release of LH.
45
Q

What is LH - luteinising hormone?

A
  • controls ovulation about half way through cycle

- after which progesterone is produced

46
Q

What can ultrasounds do?

A
  • reveal multiple pregnancies, development problems, or a baby’s sex early on in the pregnancy.
47
Q

What do AMNIOCENTESIS test do?

A
  • analyse cells from the foetus found in the amniotic fluid.

- checks for chromosome abnormalities

48
Q

What are the 5 stages in human growth?

A 
1- infancy (up to 2 years)
2- childhood (2-11)
3- puberty/adolescence (11-15)
4- adulthood/ maturity (15-65)
5- old age (65+)
49
Q

What are your eventual height and mass determined by?

A
  • inherited
  • diet
  • exercise
  • amount of growth hormone you produce
  • how healthy you are
  • any diseases
  • hormones

Biology 4-5-6 (3 decks)

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