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Biology 4-5-6 > B5 > Flashcards

B5 Flashcards

0
Q

What are internal skeletons made from?

A

Bone and cartilage, living tissue

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1
Q

Describe Internal skeletons?

A
  • provide a frame work and shape
  • grow with body
  • easy to attach muscles to
  • joints to allow flexibility
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2
Q

What are external skeletons made from?

A
  • chitin
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3
Q

Describe Long bones?

A
  • have a hollow shaft.
  • they weight less and are stronger than solid bones.
  • the head of the bone is covered in hard, slippery cartilage to lubricate movement
  • the shaft contains bone marrow and blood vessels
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4
Q

What is OSSIFICATION?

A
  • when during growth the cartilage is replaced by calcium and phosphorus salts, which make the bone hard.
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5
Q

Describe the three types of bone breaks and fractures?

A
  • a simple fracture is when the bone breaks cleanly
  • a green stick fracture is when the none doesn’t break compleatly
  • a compound fracture is when the bone broken breaks through muscle and skin
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6
Q

What is OSTEOPOROSIS?

A
  • a condition where bones become weakened and break easily
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7
Q

Describe the two types of SYNOVIAL JOINT?

A
  • HINGE JOINTS- bends in only one direction

- BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS- allow rotation

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8
Q

What is meant by ANTAGONISTIC MUSCLES? Example?

A
  • when one contracts the other relaxes

Example: Biceps and Triceps

1- to bend the arm, the biceps contracts, pulling the radius bone. The triceps relaxes

2- to straighten the arm, the triceps contracts pulling the ulna bone. The biceps relax

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9
Q

What is an open circulatory system?

A
  • blood isn’t contained in blood vessels, it fills up the body cavity
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10
Q

What is a closed circulatory system?

A
  • blood is pumped through vessels called arteries, veins and capillaries
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11
Q

Describe a single circulatory system?

A
  • has a heart with two chambers
  • deoxygenated blood is pumped to the gills, then the oxygenated blood is pumped to the body.
  • there is enough pressure to get the blood around the body
  • pressure is lower and materials are transported more slowly around the body.
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12
Q

Describe a DOUBLE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM?

A
  • a double circulatory system has a heart with four chambers:

> in one circuit, deoxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

> in the other circuit, oxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the respiring body cells and back to the heart

> the blood returns to the heart for a further pup otherwise there wouldn’t be enough pressure for the blood to go around the body.

> blood is under higher pressure in a double circulatory system, so materials are transported faster

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13
Q

Describe the hearts high energy requirements?

A
  • “the coronary artery” supplies the heart itself with glucose and oxygen
  • “the pulmonary vein” carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
  • “the aorta” carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body
  • ” the vena cava” carries deoxygenated blood from the parts of the body back to the heart
  • ” the pulmonary artery” carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
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14
Q

Describe each heat beat in the CARDIAC CYCLE?

A

1- the heart relaxes and blood enters both atria from veins. The atrioventricular valves are open

2- the atria contract to push blood into the ventricles

3- the ventricles contracts, pushing blood into the arteries. The semilunar valves open to allow this whilst the atrioventricular valves close

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15
Q

The heart beat is controlled by groups of cells called the pacemaker, how do they work?

A
  • they produce small electrical impulses, which spread across the heart muscle, simulating it to contract
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16
Q

What are the two methods used to monitor the heart?

A
  • an ELECTROCARDIOGRAM is used to monitor the electrical impulses from the heart
  • an ECHOCARDIOGRAM uses ultrasound to produce an image of the beating heart
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17
Q

What causes an IRREGULAR HEART BEAT?

A
  • occurs if the pacemaker becomes faulty.
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18
Q

What happens if the CUSPID and SEMILUNAR valves become weak or damaged?

A
  • blood is allowed to flow backwards and blood pressure is reduced
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19
Q

What happens if a person is born with a hole in their heart?

A
  • deoxygenated blood is able to mix with oxygenated blood so the efficiency of transporting oxygen to tissues is reduced
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20
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of pacemakers and heart valves? Compared to heart transplant

A

ADVANTAGES:

  • less risk of rejection
  • involve a less traumatic operation
  • pacemakers and valves can be mechanicals so a donor is not needed.
  • shorter waiting time than for a donor
  • the patient must take anticoagulants for the rest of their life,

DISADVANTAGE:
- May need replacing

21
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of heart transplants compared to pacemakers?

A
  • ADVANTAGES:
  • the transplanted organ will last for the lifetime of the person
  • the patient will feel better immediately

DISADVANTAGES:

  • major, expensive operation
  • must come from a dad donor
  • long waiting time
  • need to take immunosuppressants for the rest of life
22
Q

What is HAEMOPHILIA?

A
  • an inherited disease where the blood fails to clot due to a faulty clotting protein, sufferers can bleed to death
23
Q

What are the four different blood groups?

24
How do fish gills exchange gases?
- the oxygen is absorbed by the many fine filaments in the gills - the oxygen is transported away from the gill filaments by the blood supply.
25
What does the human thorax (chest cavity) contain?
- TRACHEA- a flexible tube, surrounded by rings of cartilage to stop it collapsing - BRONCHI- branches of the trachea - BRONCHIOLES- branches of a bronchus - LUNGS- to inhale and exhale air for gas exchange - ALVEOLI (air sacks) - site of gas exchange - INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES- the raise and lower the ribs - PLEURAL MEMBRANES- to protect and lubricate the surface of the lung - DIAPHRAGM- a muscular sheet between the thorax and abdomen
26
During breathing what are the volume and pressure of the cheat cavity changed by?
- the intercostal muscles | - the diaphragm
27
What happens when the intercostal muscles contract?
- the rib age moves upwards and outwards, - the diaphragm also contracts and flattens - increased the volume of chest cavity - pressure in lungs falls so air rushes in
28
What are, TIDAL AIR, VITAL CAPACITY, RESIDUAL AIR?
- TIDAL AIR- the volume of air breathed in or out in a normal breath - VITAL CAPACITY AIR- the maximum volume of air that can be used for gas exchange in the lungs- a maximum breath in followed by a maximum breath out - RESIDUAL AIR- the volume of air that stays on the lungs when we breath out
29
What happens in the AVEOLI?
-carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the Alveoli and oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood . This is GAS EXCHANGE The alveoli are adapted for gas exchange by: - a massive surface area - a moist thin, permeable surface - an excellent blood supply
30
What is ASBESTOSIS?
- an industrial disease caused by inhaling asbestos fibers. These fibers get aped in air sacs reducing gas exchange. - causes coughing breathlessness and death
31
What is CYSTIC FIBROSIS?
- genetically inherited | - too much overly stick mucus is produced on the lungs
32
What is PNEUMONIA.?
- caused by a virus or bacterial infection. Causes inflammation in the lungs where fluid builds up
33
What happens during an asthma attack?
- the lining of the bronchioles becomes inflamed. Fluid and mucus builds up,in the airways and the muscles around the bronchioles contract, constricting the airways
34
What specific enzyme does the mouth contain, and what does it break down?
- ,contains carbohydrase | - breaks down carbohydrates
35
What specific enzyme does the stomach contain, and what does it break down?
- contains PROTEASE | - breaks down proteins into amino acids
36
What specific enzyme does the small intestine contain, and what does it break down?
- contains: > carbohydrase > protease > lipase - breaks down: > carbohydrates > proteins > fats into fatty acids
37
Why does the body produce BILE?
- to emulsify fat droplets, which are hard to digest | - it breaks down large droplets into smaller droplets to increase their surface area
38
How is the small intestine adapted for the efficient absorption of food?
- long and has a thin lining - has a large surface area provided by villi and microvilli - permeable surface and rich blood supply
39
What are the waste products made in the body?
- CARBON DIOXIDE- produced by respiration, toxic and must be removed - UREA- produced from excess amino avoids broken down in the liver. Removed by kidneys - SWEAT
40
What is the amount of ester in the blood controlled by?
The kidneys
41
What do the kidneys do?
- clean the blood | - excrete urea, water and salts.
42
Describe the kidneys?
- contain millions of tiny tubules which are very close to the blood capillaries - they filter the blood at high pressure to separate the small molecules from the blood. They then reabsorb the useful substances such as sugar and water.
43
What are the four stages of the menstruated cycle?
1- the uterus lining breaks down 2- the uterus wall is repaired and gradually thickens 3- the egg is released 4- the uterus lining stays think for a fertilised egg
44
What is FSH hormone?
- stimulates the egg to ripen in the ovary, the ovary releases oestrogen, a hormone which stimulates the release of LH.
45
What is LH - luteinising hormone?
- controls ovulation about half way through cycle | - after which progesterone is produced
46
What can ultrasounds do?
- reveal multiple pregnancies, development problems, or a baby's sex early on in the pregnancy.
47
What do AMNIOCENTESIS test do?
- analyse cells from the foetus found in the amniotic fluid. | - checks for chromosome abnormalities
48
What are the 5 stages in human growth?
``` 1- infancy (up to 2 years) 2- childhood (2-11) 3- puberty/adolescence (11-15) 4- adulthood/ maturity (15-65) 5- old age (65+) ```
49
What are your eventual height and mass determined by?
- inherited - diet - exercise - amount of growth hormone you produce - how healthy you are - any diseases - hormones

Biology 4-5-6 (3 decks)

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