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B5 Flashcards

1
Q

Bacteria vs virus

A

Bacteria is single called and small
Virus is even smaller, regular shaped, causes disease in all organisms

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2
Q

How bacteria causes disease

A

Divide rapidly by binary fission (splitting in two)
May produce toxins
Some directly damage your cells

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3
Q

How virus causes disease

A

Take over cells in your body
Live and reproduce inside cells, damaging and destroying them

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4
Q

How pathogens are spread

A

Air - droplets from coughs and sneezes that other people breathe in
Direct contact - sexual, cuts, scratches, needle punctures
Water/ food - contaminated

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5
Q

How to grow bacteria in a lab

A
  • provide a culture medium (liquid or gel containing everything they need)
  • pour agar gel into a petri dish
  • sterilise everything
  • inoculate the sterile agar with the microorganism
  • incubate petri dish upside down
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6
Q

Safety precautions in growing bacteria (ascetic technique)

A
  • Petri dish and agar gel must be sterilised. Glass dishes can be heated as the steam at high pressure sterilises it, plastic dishes are usually already sterilised, UV light can be used to kill bacteria
  • sterilise inoculating loop by heating it until it is red hot then letting it cool down to room temperature
  • put lid straight back on and stick it down to avoid contamination
  • incubate at maximum 25 degrees (not body temperature)
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7
Q

What did Ignaz Semmelweis do

A

Discovered washing hands lowered death rates from childbed fever

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8
Q

How does hygiene prevent spread of communicable diseases

A

Wash hands
Use disinfectant
Keep raw meat isolated
Cough or sneeze into tissue

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9
Q

How does isolation prevent the spread of communicable diseases

A

Infected person should be isolated
Fewer people in contact with the pathogen, the less likely it will be spread on

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10
Q

How to prevent spread of vector diseases

A

Destroy/ control the number of vectors

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11
Q

How does vaccination prevent spread of disease

A

Doctors inject harmless amount of pathogen into body. If you come into contact with pathogen again, you will not become ill

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12
Q

Is measles virus, bacteria, fungal or protist

A

Virus

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13
Q

Cause, symptoms and treatment of measles

A

Symptoms = fever and red rash
Cause = inhalation of droplets from coughs or sneezes (very contagious)
Treatment = no treatment so infected people must isolate although young people are vaccinated against it
Other info = can cause blindness, brain damage or be fatal

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14
Q

Is HIV/aids virus, bacteria, fungal or protist

A

Virus

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15
Q

Symptoms of HIV/ aids

A

Mild flu and illness to begin
Attacks immune system and remains hidden s the body can’t deal with infections or certain cancers

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16
Q

How is HIV spread

A

Sexual contact and exchange of bodily fluids

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17
Q

Cure for HIV/ aids

A

No cure
Can be prevented through condoms, not sharing needles, screening blood & mothers bottle - feeding
Development of aids can be prevented through antiretroviral drugs

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18
Q

Is TMV virus, bacteria, fungal or protist

A

Virus

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19
Q

TMV symptoms

A

Mosaic pattern of discolouration on leaves as it kills cells, effects growth as leaves can’t photosynthesise

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20
Q

How TMV is spread

A

Direct contact between diseased plants and healthy plants

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21
Q

Treatment of TMV

A

No treatment so farmers now grow TMV-resistant strains of crops

22
Q

Is salmonella virus, bacteria, fungal or protist

23
Q

Cause of salmonella

A

Lives in guts of animals
Found in raw meat, poultry, eggs and egg products
Undercooked food and poor food hygiene are main causes

24
Q

Symptoms of salmonella

A

Sick
Fever
Abdominal cramps
Diarrhoea

25
Preventing salmonella
In the UK, poultry is vaccinated against salmonella Keep raw chicken away from food that does not need to be cooked Do not wash raw chicken as it spreads the bacteria around Wash surfaces and hands after handling raw chicken Cook chicken thoroughly
26
Is gonorrhoea virus, bacteria, fungal or protist
Bacteria
27
How is gonorrhoea spread
Unprotected sexual contact with infected person
28
Symptoms of gonorrhoea
Thick yellow discharge Pain when urinating Some experience no symptoms at all Untreated gonorrhoea can lead to: Infertility Long-term pelvic pain Ectopic pregnancies
29
Treatment of gonorrhoea
Antibiotics Antibiotic resistant strains have come out now Prevented using a barrier method of contraception
30
Fungal diseases in humans
Rare Tend to cause little damage Small number can be fatal Anti fungal drugs can be used to treat skin conditions like athletes foot
31
Is rose black spot virus, bacteria, fungal or protist
Fungal
32
Symptoms of rose black spot
Purple/ black spots to appear on leaves Leaves often turn yellow and drop early reducing photosynthesis meaning they don’t flower or grow as well
33
How is rose black spot spread
The spores of the fungus are spread through the environment by wind. Spread from one leaf to another when it rains in the droplets of water
34
Treatment of rose black spot
Cut off and burn affected leaves and stems Chemical fungicides help treat the disease and prevent it spreading
35
Is malaria virus, bacteria, fungal or protist
Protist
36
Symptoms of malaria
Recurrent episodes of fever and shaking Usually fatal Slowly weakens the body
37
Cause of malaria
Protists are transported into blood stream by mosquitos Protists travel around the circulatory system damaging the liver and red blood cells Protists burst out of red blood cells
38
Treatment of malaria
If diagnosed early, a series of drugs can be used The protists can become resistant though Spread can be prevented by controlling amount of mosquitos: - mosquito nets - mosquito spray - prevent them breeding - travellers should take antimalarial drugs with them
39
How does skin act as a defence
- physical barrier - clotting cuts - produces a anti microbial secretions - covered in healthy microorganisms that act as an extra layer
40
Defence of respiratory and digestive systems
- nose is full of hair and mucus that traps particles that may contain pathogens before entering the lungs - trachea and bronchi secrete mucus that also traps pathogens in air particles - stomach contains acid that destroys microorganisms in mucus that you swallow
41
3 roles of white blood cells
Ingesting micro organisms Producing antibodies Producing antitoxins
42
Two types of white blood cells
Phagocytes Lymphocytes
43
What do phagocytes do
Engulf the pathogen Attracted to pathogen and then binds to it The phagocyte membrane surrounds the pathogen Enzymes in the phagocyte break down the pathogen
44
What do lymphocytes do
They recognise proteins on the surface of pathogens called antigens. Lymphocytes detect that these are foreign not naturally occurring within your body and produce antibodies. This can take a few days, during which time you may feel ill. The antibodies cause pathogens to stick together and make it easier for phagocytes to engulf them. Some pathogens produce toxins which make you feel ill. Lymphocytes can also produce antitoxins to neutralise these toxins
45
What are aphids
Plant pests Sharp teeth that pierce into phloem Attack in huge numbers, depriving plant of photosynthesis resources Also act as vectors for bacteria, fungal and viral pathogens
46
How to stop aphids
Chemical pesticides Biological pest control
47
Magnesium deficiency in plants
Magnesium used to make chlorophyll Leaves become yellow Growth slows as plant can’t photosynthesise fully Known as chlorosis
48
Nitrate ion deficiency in plants
Convert sugars from photosynthesis into proteins Protein growth will be limited Growth of plant will be stunted
49
Symptoms of diseases in plants
- discoloured leaves - stunted growth - spots on leaves - areas of decay - growths - malformed stems and leaves - presence of pests
50
Plants physical barriers
- cellulose cell wall resist invasion from microorganisms - tough waxy cuticle on top of leaves - bark on trees and layer of dead cells on outside of stems makes it hard for pathogens to penetrate through - leaf fall
51
Chemical barriers in plants
- antibacterial chemicals protect them against invading pathogens - found in pines, cypress and euphorbias
52

Biology (5 decks)

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