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B5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what does the CNS protect us from

A

protects organisms from harm by responding to changes in the environment

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2
Q

what are the CNS components

A

1)the brain
2)the spinal cord

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3
Q

what do neurones do

A

carry electrical impulses between receptors, the CNS and effectors

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4
Q

what does the CNS do

A

coordinates the response of effectors and coordinates responses to stimuli

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5
Q

what are effectors

A

effectors bring about actions in response to a change in the internal end external environment, like muscles contracting and

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6
Q

what is a synapse

A

synapses are gaps between neurones and can be found at each junction if a reflex arc

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7
Q

what are neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that diffuse across synapses and bind to receptors on the next neurone

they initiate electrical impulse into the next neurone

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8
Q

reflex action

A

an unconscious response that allows a person to respond to a dangerous situation rapid and automatic, by a reflex arc

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9
Q

components of a reflex arc

A

1)stimulus
2)receptor
3)sensory neurone
4)coordinator
5)motor neurone
6)effector
7)response

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10
Q

what happens when the nerve impulse arrives at the synapse

A

the electrical impulse reaches the end of the neurone before the synapse

This triggers the release of chemicals called neurotransmitters

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11
Q

how do electrical impulses pass on

A

the neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse

The neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the dendrites of receiving neurone

The presence of the neurotransmitter causes the production of an electrical impulse

when enough receptors have been filled a threshold is reached and a electrical impulse made in receiving neurone

after, the neurotransmitter is detaches from membrane of receiving neurone and reabsorbed back into the original neurone

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12
Q

what is a stimulus

A

A stimulus can be any change in the environment to which the body needs to respond.

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13
Q

what is a receptors

A

Receptors are found all over the body.
They detect the change in the environment and initiate (start) a signalling process within the body.
The signal is picked up by a neurone (nerve cell).

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14
Q

what are neurones

A

There are three types of neurone

part of the nerve

a nerve cell

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15
Q

factors that effect reaction time

A

Caffeine and exercise are factors that could affect human reaction time

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16
Q

what is the medulla

A

This part is responsible for unconscious activities (e.g. breathing and heartbeat)

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17
Q

what is the cerebral cortex

A

This part is responsible for conscious thought (e.g. memory, language and intelligence).

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18
Q

what is the cerebellum

A

This part is responsible for the muscle coordination.
The cerebellum is important for movement, posture, balance and speech.

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19
Q

what are MRI scanners

A

MRI stands for Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
MRI scanners have allowed us to learn which areas of the brain are active during different activities, such as moving, speaking and listening.

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20
Q

what is electrical stimulation

A

Electrical stimulation has also allowed us to treat certain disorders of the brain.
Because the nervous system communicates using electrical impulses, electrical stimulation is used to help treat conditions such as Parkinson’s disease (causes tremors).

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21
Q

what is accommodation

A

lens of the eye changing shape to focus on objects

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22
Q

how can eye defects be treated

A

Both myopia and hyperopia can be treated using glasses fitted with lenses that refract light rays to allow the image to form on the retina. Contact lenses and laser eye surgery can also correct these issues.

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23
Q

what is myopia

A

short sighted

Myopia happens when rays of light focus in front of the retina.

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24
Q

what is hyperopia

A

Hyperopia happens when rays of light focus behind the retina.
long sighted

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25
Q

hwo does the body maintain this constant internal environment

A

homeostasis

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26
Q

what is homeostasis

A

to maintain a stable constant internal environment

uses systems of receptors and effectors

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27
Q

why is it important to keep conditions constant

A

so that other systems are not interrupted by changes in the surroundings

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28
Q

what does the body maintain automatically

A

ensures that all its inputs and outputs are in balance by regulating the amount of blood sugar, water, ions, and temperature

the body needs to ensure it that there is enough sugar to supply all your cells
with a constant amount of energy

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29
Q

what affects the amount of sugar available for you body

A

the amount and type of food

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30
Q

why do the cells need sugar

A

so that there is enough energy to carry out respiration to release energy

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31
Q

what is osmoregulation

A

the regulation of the amount of water you have in your body

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32
Q

how does water leave the body

A

lungs through breathing out

skin through sweat

and the kidney through urine

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33
Q

how does the body replace lost water

A

the body needs to replace lost water and it tell you that it needs water when you are thirsty

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34
Q

how are ions lost

A

through sweat and urine

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35
Q

what do the kidneys regulate

A

they monitor the volume of water and ions to be released

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36
Q

what is thermoregulation

A

regulating body temperature

one of the most important things the body does

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37
Q

why is thermoregulation important

A

to allow enzymes to work at their optimum rate

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38
Q

what are enzymes

A

they are chemicals that allow reactions to happen at body temp of 37 degrees

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39
Q

what would happen with out the help of enzymes for the chemical reactions to happen

A

they would need much higher temperatures to work

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40
Q

when do enzymes work

A

they are very sensitive and only work when all the conditions are right

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41
Q

how does the body regulate, sugar, ions, water and temperature

A

communication

negative feedback

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42
Q

what is negative feed back

A

around the body there are receptors that pick up changes in the environment

once they detect a change they send information to a processing centre usually the brain

always does the opposite

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43
Q

what does the processing centre do (the brain)

A

coordinates a response

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44
Q

what is the response from the brain

A

to send a message to the effectors

which are either glands or muscles

these will do something about the change to make the conditions back to normal

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45
Q

what are glands

A

organs that secrete hormones

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46
Q

what are hormones

A

chemical messengers that affect how organs work

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47
Q

what are animals with a backbone called

A

vertebrates

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48
Q

where can the information the CNS come from

A

eyes
kidneys
skin
entire body

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49
Q

how are the spinal chord and the body organs connected

A

through nerves

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50
Q

what are nerves

A

made up of neurones

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51
Q

what are sensory neurones

A

The sensory neurone carries the signal in the form of an electrical impulse to the central nervous system (CNS).

transmit signal from receptors to the CNS

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52
Q

what are relay neurones

A

The relay neurone (in the CNS) relays the electrical impulse from the sensory neurone to the appropriate motor neurone.

carry’s impulses between neurons

53
Q

what are motor neurones

A

The motor neurone is another type of nerve cell that carries the electrical impulse from the CNS to an effector.

54
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system

A

the network of nerves that connects to body organs

55
Q

how might the body respond to a stimulus

A

voluntary - brain has to think of a respons
involuntary - body reacts automatically

56
Q

what are touch receptors

A

on the skin

they respond to a stimulus that touches the skin

57
Q

how does the sensory neurone carry impulses to the CNS

A

through electrical signals that move rapid along sensory neurone to spinal cord

then to the brain

58
Q

how does the body move after the brain has made a decision

A

sends a new electrical signal by a motor neurone to body part it wants to move

muscles carry out response

59
Q

sequence of events for a voluntary response

A

-stimulated receptor
-sensory neurone
- spinal chord
- brain to make a decision
-sends out new electrical impulse (response signal) by the motor neurone
- to the effector
- effector carries out response

60
Q

what is the sequence of events in an involuntary response (reflex response)

A

-stimulated receptor
-sensory neurone
-relay neurone in spinal chord
-connected to motor neurone
-effector carries out response

61
Q

what are the components of a neurone

A

very long

have a insulating sheath (myelin sheath) to stop electrical impulses jumping onto other neurones
- the insulation allows impulses to travel across the neurone in little hops which makes it travel faster

dendrites branch out from cell body at one end

the long wire part is called axon when it’s carrying signals away from the body
-but called dendron if it’s carrying signals towards the body

62
Q

what happens when the electrical impulse reaches the terminal of the axons

A

causes vesicles in axon to move to the outer edge and release neurotransmitters into the synapse

63
Q

how are receptors on receiving neurone specific

A

specific to a particular neurotransmitter

64
Q

how can you interfere with neurotransmission at a synapse

A

drugs can block neurotransmitter receptors

so signal can’t be passed on

can cause death

65
Q

how can you affect re absorbtion of neurotransmitters into the original neurone

A

with drugs

and further messages can’t be sent

66
Q

why does the body used electrical signals and chemical neurotransmitters

A

many advantages

-1if only electrical the messages would be too fast
-false signals which would trigger other messages

-by using neurotransmitters the signal has to reach a threshold before they get passed on
- and they ensure signal only travels in 1 direction (electrical circuits they can travel in either)

67
Q

what are the advantages of reflex actions on an organism

A

sustains mess damage
live longer
quick

68
Q

how are we aware of reflex actions

A

signals are also sent to the brain

this is why there is a delay in carrying out reflex action and geeking pain

69
Q

how are cells involved in reflex actions specialised

A

they transmit electrical impulses quickly

sensory and motor neurones are long

relay neurones are much shorter

70
Q

why are synapses important

A

prevent insignificant signals causing us to respond

when we should not

71
Q

examples of reflex actions

A

hand moves away from hot object

pupils get smaller when you move from a dark place to a light place

adrenaline is produced when you are scared

72
Q

what do glands do

A

secrete hormones

73
Q

stimulus examples

A

temp change
light change

74
Q

what organisms depend on reflexes

A

more simple than complex

otherwise they would die because they hunt and hide automatically

75
Q

why does the pupil contract when we move from dark places to light

A

restricts the amount of light entering the eye

called the pupil reflex

helps prevent damage to light sensitive cells in the retina

76
Q

what is the rooting reflex in babies

A

a baby turns toward an object that touches its cheek to find the milk

77
Q

what is the sucking reflex

A

if an object is placed in a babies mouth it will automatically suck

78
Q

what is the stepping reflex in newborns

A

a baby will make stepping movements when held up

79
Q

types of sense organs

A

light is detected by eyes
sound is detected by ears
pressure is detected by the skin

80
Q

what halpens if a stimulus is too weak

A

a signal is sent because the impulse doesn’t reach the threshold

81
Q

why are thresholds improved

A

would be difficult to differentiate genuine signals and background level of activity

82
Q

what does the retina contain

A

thousands of light receptor cells

83
Q

what receptors detect colour in the retina

A

cone cells

84
Q

what receptor cells detect brightness in the retina

A

rod cells

85
Q

where does the signal go to when the receptor cells in the eye detect light

A

passed through the optic nerve

86
Q

what are organisms that use nerves and electrical impulses

A

they are multi cellular

87
Q

do simple organisms have nerves

A

no, they can’t respond to changes in an environment the same way a multicellular animal can

88
Q

why do we want to understand how the brain works

A

we can help people recover from injuries

develop better methods of treatment

better understanding of what it means to be a person (what makes you, you

89
Q

what is the brain

A

processing centre of CNS

it coordinates a response after processing and interpreting nerve signals from whole of the body

90
Q

what is the cerebral cortex

A

-the outermost part of the brain

-wrinkled

  • concerned with intelligence memory and consciousness (awareness of yourself
91
Q

how did we understand more about the brain overtime

A

through injuries and their consequences

92
Q

how can we survive if we damage our brain substantially

A

if the part of the brain damaged doesn’t control any part of the body

93
Q

why is mapping the brain by the recording of the effects of injury’s bad

A

it’s hit and misss

it’s limited to the few people who have had a head injury

94
Q

what is an invasive method of understanding the brain

A

stopping parts of the brain and see the effects

  • very invasive process
  • only done on patients who already have a bad injury and/or voluntarily
95
Q

what is a non invasive technique for understanding the brain

A

being improved all the time by new developments in physics

-magnetic fields and electricity to stimulate the brain
-electrodes being attached to the scalp - EEG
-MRI

96
Q

what happens during magnetic fields and electricity to stimulating the brain

A

powerful electromagnetic fields that change direction tens of thousands times a second can interfere with parts of the brain

if a high powered magnetic field is positioned over the speech part of the brain, a patient starts to mess up their words

this is because the magnetic fields interfere with the signals being sent to that part of the brain

97
Q

how do electrodes being attached to the scalp work - EEG

A

they detect and measure changes of electric current inside the brain

when someone carries out an activity
parts of the brain involved show electrical activity and can be identified

98
Q

what is MRI

A

an improvement from EEG to be more specific

stands for magnetic resonance imaging

uses strong magnetic field and radio waves

person is placed in chamber and a magnetic field, which changes direction thousands of times a second is employed over the chamber

with the right MRI scanner we can identify the parts of the brain active when we think about carrying out an action

99
Q

what do animals that can see have

A

survival advantage

they have eyes to detect light reflected from objects

100
Q

what is the sclera

A

-white
-tough
-holds eyeball together
-outermost part of the eye
-stops light from entering the eye, apart from front of the eye which is transparent

101
Q

what is the cornea

A

refracts the light rays so that the light rays focus on the retina to produce the image

front of the eye

102
Q

what is the iris

A

behind the cornea

ring of muscle that:
-contracts to minimise the amount of light entering the eye
-relaxes to let in more light

103
Q

what is the pupil

A

the hole in the middle of the iris

it is black because the light that hits the retina is all absorbed

104
Q

aqueous humour

A

transparent jelly between cornea and the iris

gives shape to front of eye

105
Q

what is the lens

A

behind the iris and attached to muscles

these muscles can contract and relax to alter the thickness and the length of the lens

enables fine focusing of the image on the retina

106
Q

what happens when you alter the lens shape

A

alters the amount of refraction of light entering the eye

but most of the refraction takes place at the cornea

107
Q

what is the vitreous body

A

inside main part of the eyeball, behind the lens

another transparent jelly (a bit thicker)

give the whole eyeball it’s shape

108
Q

what is the retina

A

made up of millions of cells
-some are designed to trigger a nerve signal when stimulated by light of a specific wavelength
-cone cells which detect red, blue and green light (colour) (found in centre of retina)
-rod cells detect intensity of light and are scattered over the entire inside of the eye

109
Q

what is averted vision

A

example:
-you see faint stars better if you don’t look directly at them
-because it allows the light to land on the part of the retina that contains rod cells but cone cells
-allows you to detect faint light and let’s you see the faint stars more clearly

110
Q

light journey into the eye

A

-hits cornea and gets refracted
-aqueous humour
-pupil surrounded by iris
-into the lens and gets refracted a bit more
-vitreous body
-then the retina landing on rod or cone cell
-cell sends message to the brain by the optic nerve

111
Q

how is long/short sightedness caused

A

the eyeball or the lens being the wrong shape

112
Q

how is short sightedness caused

A

if the eyeball is too large light is focused in the space infront if the retina

113
Q

how is long sightedness caused

A

if the eyeball is too small light entering the eye is focused behind the retina

114
Q

how does the body know the temperature of the body

A

receptors in the brain monitor the temperature of the blood

receptors on skin that receive information about the external temperature

115
Q

what is the hypothalamus

A

section in brain

location of the thermoregulatory system

sets up a series of electrical impulses sent to effectors around the body

116
Q

what is the thermoregulatory system

A

coordinates responses to temperature

117
Q

why does the body need to stay at 37 degrees

A

so chemical reactions can happen at their optimum rate

118
Q

why are enzymes useful

A

they are chemicals that allow reactions to happen at low temperatures

they are very sensitive and only work in very specific conditions (37 degrees

119
Q

what are the effectors that bring temperature down

A

blood vessels and sweat glands

120
Q

what happens to blood vessels near the surface on the skin when hot

A

the blood vessels that supply the capillaries near the surface of the skin dilate

makes you look redder

this is called vasodilation

121
Q

what does vasodilation do

A

higher rate of blood flow to the surface of the skin

this increases the rate of heat loss

122
Q

what layer of skin produces sweat glands

A

sweat glands in the dermis layer

123
Q

how does sweat cool you down

A

the water in the sweat evaporates using heat energy from your skin which cools you down

124
Q

what happens after you lose water through sweat

A

need to drink more to replace the loss of water

125
Q

what happens to your blood vessels when you are cold

A

blood vessels near surface of skin constrict

this reduces rate of blood flow and prevents heat loss

called vasoconstriction

126
Q

what is shivering

A

shivering is muscles contracting quickly

for your muscles to contract you need to supply them with energy by respiration

every time cells respire they give out heat energy

127
Q

why do we shiver

A

to increase respiration in cells which increase heat supply

128
Q

why do we get goose bumps

A

caused by hairs standing on end

by hair erector contacting which makes bumps on skin

this helps trap a warm insulating layer of air around skin

biology (7 decks)

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