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RC Test 1 > B4.002 Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

B4.002 Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

symptoms of autonomic dysfunction

A 
dry mouth (xerostomia)
swallowing difficulty (dysphagia)
airway obstruction
heart rate disturbances
gastric disturbances
constipation or fecal incontinence
erectile and/or ejaculatory dysfunction
urinary retention or incontinence
pupil constriction (miosis) or dilation (mydriasis)
loss of sweating (anhydrosis)
orthostatic (postural) hypotension / supine hypertension
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2
Q

what is the autonomous nervous system?

A

a peripheral motor system with the last inter-neuronal synapse in a peripheral ganglion
regulates involuntary movement

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3
Q

typical targets of the autonomic nervous system

A

smooth muscle
glands
heart

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4
Q

2 components of ANS

A

sympathetic nervous system

parasympathetic nervous system

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5
Q

how are voluntary motor pathways different from autonomic motor pathways?

A

voluntary don’t have neurons in ganglia

CNS neurons project directly to muscle

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6
Q

basic flow of autonomic signal

A 
intermediolateral column
preganglionic axon
ganglion
postganglionic axon
target
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7
Q

nerves involves in PNS

A

cranial (3, 7, 9, 10)

sacral

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8
Q

targets of PNS

A

heart
glands
smooth muscle

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9
Q

nerves involved in SNS

A

thoracic

lumbar

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10
Q

targets of SNS

A

head
skin, muscles, glands of trunk and extremities
viscera
genitalia

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11
Q

what is a paravertebral chain

A

22 ganglia string together
SNS travels through this chain to get to targets
target can be on the same level as the CNS nerve effector or can move up or down from the effector via the paravertebral chain

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12
Q

what is the splanchnic nerve

A

part of SNS
innervates viscera and genitalia
goes through prevertebral ganglion

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13
Q

which ganglia have cholinergic excitatory synapses?

A

BOTH sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia

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14
Q

what receptors mediate excitatory cholinergic synapses?

A

nicotinic

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15
Q

how are PNS and SNS outputs different?

A

PNS is discrete = 1:1 ratio of pregangionic/postganglionic neurons
SNS is diffuse= preganglionic neuron acts on multiple post (divergence), post ganglionic get inputs from multiple pre (convergence)

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16
Q

what are varicosities

A

segments of dilation along postganglionic axon

close to effector cells

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17
Q

what is a ground plexus

A

network/mesh of varicosities over cells of autonomic target

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18
Q

describe an autonomic neuroeffector junction

A

not technically a synapse, but similar function
axon ensheathed by Schwann cells except at varicosities
at these varicosities receptors are present to mediate communication with receptors on nearby target cells
multiple mitochondria and vesicles

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19
Q

2 primary types of parasympathetic transmission

A

ACh

NO

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20
Q

describe the process of ACh parasympathetic transmission

A

ChAT (choline acetyltransferase makes ACh)
ACh released via vesicles into junction
can act on multiple M (muscarinic) receptors on effector cell
AChE breaks down ACh quickly
choline is transported back into neuron to be recycled

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21
Q

M1, M3, M5

A

excitatory muscarinic receptors

act on smooth muscles and glands

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22
Q

M2, M4

A

inhibitory muscarinic receptors

act on smooth and cardiac muscles

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23
Q

describe the process of NO parasympathetic transmission

A

NOS makes NO
NO released from neuron
NO acts on guanylate cyclase receptor on effector cells
NO diffuses away

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24
Q

guanylate cyclase

A

inhibitory receptor

relaxes vascular smooth muscle

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25
Q

2 primary types of sympathetic transmission

A

ACh (5%)

NE (95%)

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26
Q

synthetic enzyme of NE

A

dopamine B-hydroxylase

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27
Q

termination of NE action

A

reuptake (80%)

COMT, MAO degradation enzymes (10%)

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28
Q

receptors for NE

A

adrenoreceptors

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29
Q

effects of ACh sympathetic transmission

A

eccrine sweat gland excitation

forehead, chest, face, etc

30
Q

types of adrenoreceptors

A 
a1
a2
b1
b2
b3
31
Q

a1

A

+

smooth muscle and gland excitation (contraction/ increased salivation)

32
Q

a2

A

-

inhibits NE release

33
Q

b1

A 
\+
cardiac excitation (increased inotrophy/ chronotrophy)
renin release (increased angiotensin II)
34
Q

b2

A 
smooth muscle relaxation (-)
glandular secretion (+)
35
Q

b3

A

+

stimulated lipocyte lipolysis

36
Q

which adrenoreceptor does NE not act on as much as E does

A

b2

37
Q

which adrenoreceptors are responsive to E

A

all

38
Q

which adrenoreceptors are responsive to isoproterenol

A

B only

39
Q

which adrenoreceptors are responsive to phenylephrine

A

a1 only

decongestant

40
Q

which adrenoreceptors are responsive to clonidine

A

a2 only

41
Q

which adrenoreceptors are responsive to NE

A

all but b2 is weak

42
Q

where are a1/a2 receptors located

A

a1: post junctional
a2: pre junctional

43
Q

where are B1 receptors located

A

heart

kidney

44
Q

where are b2 receptors located

A

smooth muscle

glands

45
Q

where are b3 receptors located

A

fat

46
Q

what is the adrenal medulla

A

modified sympathetic ganglion

47
Q

how does the adrenal medulla regulate the body?

A

nerve from the CNS synapses with the adrenal medulla chromaffin cell via a cholinergic nicotinic synapse
phenylmethanolamine N-methyl transferase converts NE to E within adrenal medulla
E (80%) and NE (20%) released directly into blood stream

48
Q

how do autonomic nerves regulate the amount of transmitter released?

A

prejunctional inhibitory autoreceptors (a2 for example)

49
Q

how can postjunctional receptor sensitivity change

A

abundant agonist = desensitization

transmitter amts low = increased sensitivity

50
Q

what does the sympatho-adrenal system do

A

mediated fight or flight
prepares organism for mental or physical challenges
broad and diffuse system activation

51
Q

what does the parasympathetic system do

A

conserves and protects

discrete changes in activity of selected organs

52
Q

rules of the parasympathetic system

A
  1. always activates non-vascular smooth muscle (except sphincters) - cholinergic
  2. always relaxes sphincters - cholinergic
  3. always inhibits cardiac activity (vagal) - cholinergic
  4. always activates glands - cholinergic
  5. when present, relaxes vascular smooth muscle - nitrergic
53
Q

rules of the sympathetic system

A
  1. contracts smooth muscle via a1
  2. relaxes smooth muscle via b2
  3. excited heard and kidney cells by b1
  4. excited adipocytes via b3
  5. increases glandular secretion by a1, b2, M (eccrine)
54
Q

discuss autonomic regulation of the pupil

A

sympathetic- contraction of dilator muscle, pupil diameter increase (mydriasis), eyelid retraction (bugging out eyes)
parasympathetic- contraction of constrictor muscle, pupil diameter decrease (miosis)

55
Q

horners syndrome symptoms

A 
ptosis
miosis
facial anhidrosis
facial flushing
indicators of damage to sympathetic innervation
56
Q

discuss the autonomic regulation of the GI system

A

sympathetic- reduces motility, increases sphincter tone

parasympathetic- increases motility, decreases sphincter tone, increases enteric blood flow via dilation

57
Q

discuss the autonomic regulation of the bladder

A 
retention = not enough parasympathetic ACh
incontinence = not enough sympathetic NE
58
Q

discuss the autonomic control of erectile function

A

erectile tissues blood vessels normally constricted
with arousal, PNS axons fire and release NO
NO acts on gualylate cyclase to produce cGMP which causes smooth muscle relaxation, vasodilation, and tumescence

59
Q

what is the basis of erectile dysfunction?

A

sacral parasympathetic nerves degenerate so NO release is insufficient

60
Q

how does Viagra work?

A

inhibit phosphodiesterase type 5 which breaks down cGMP

amplifies effects of NO

61
Q

source of dry mouth

A

reduces SNS/PNS excitatory innervation

62
Q

source of dysphagia

A

reduced PNS mediated motility

63
Q

source of airway obstruction

A

PNS constriction due to loss of SNS dilation

64
Q

sources of heart rate disturbances

A

SNS loss = bradycardia

PNS loss = tachycardia

65
Q

sources of gastric disturbances

A

PNS loss = hypomotility

SNS loss = hypermotility

66
Q

sources of constipation/fecal incontinence

A

PNS loss = constipation

SNS loss = incontinence

67
Q

sources of erectile/ ejaculatory dysfunction

A

PNS loss = erectile

SNS loss = ejaculatory

68
Q

sources of urinary retention or incontinence

A

PNS loss = retention

SNS loss = incontinence

69
Q

sources of pupil constriction/dilation dysfunction

A

PNS loss = dilation

SNS loss = constriction

70
Q

source of loss of sweating

A

loss of SNS cholinergic

RC Test 1 (19 decks)

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