B4 Vocab (Appendix) Flashcards
1
Q
components of computerized systems
A
People, data, hardware, software, and networks
2
Q
hardware
A
CPU- processor and primary storage
3
Q
processor
A
interprets program instructions, coordinates input, output and storage devices and performs arithmetic calculations
4
Q
primary storage
A
used to store program instructions and data until program instructions can be executed
5
Q
secondary storage devices
A
hard drives/flash drives
means to permanently store programs and data
6
Q
peripherals
A
devices that transfer data to or from the CPU but do not take part in the actual processing of data
include input and output devices
7
Q
input devices
A
peripherals-
supply the data to be processed
e.g. keyboards, mice, scanners, magnetic ink character readers, etc
8
Q
output devices
A
peripherals-
transfer data from the processing unit to various output media
e.g. printers, speakers, CRTS or monitors, etc
9
Q
classes of processors
A
processing power
multiprocessing
10
Q
processing power
A
class of processors- described in terms of MIPS (millions of instructions per second) speed
11
Q
multiprocessing
A
class of processors-
general term
symmetric multiprocessing- one operating system controls the processing
parallel processing- each processor has its own operating system
12
Q
software
A
three broad categories
- system software
- programming languages
- application software
13
Q
system software
A
programs that run the computer and support system mgmt operations
- operating systems
- database management systems
14
Q
operating systems
A
provides interface between the user an hardware
Windows
15
Q
database management system
A
software package that controls the development, use, and maintenance of the databases used by the organization
16
Q
bit
A
data storage
binary digit with which all computer data is stored
17
Q
byte
A
data storage
group of 8 bits that represent a number or letter
sometimes called characters
18
Q
field
A
group of bytes in which a specific data element such as an employee number or name is stored
19
Q
record
A
group of fields that represents the data that is being stored for a particular entity such as a customer or A/R
20
Q
file
A
collection of related records, often arranged in some kind of sequence, such as a customer file made up of customer records and organized by customer number
21
Q
traditional file storage
A
data stored in files, with the formats and organization of the data often specific to each particular application system
- duplicate data
- data errors
- change in data (program-data dependence)
22
Q
database
A
integrated collection of data records and data files.
centralizes data and minimizes redundant data
23
Q
database management system
A
tool separate computer program that allows an organizzation to create new databases and use and work with the data in the databases after they have been created. allows for maintenance addition or subtraction of data elements Access and Oracle
24
Q
relational technology
A
data is stored in two dimensional tables that are related to each other via keys
often include ad hoc report writers
25
normalization
process of separating data into logical tables
| before a relational database can be designed, a process of normalization has to occur
26
object-oriented databases
includes data such as comments, drawings, images, voice, and video
more flexible than relational database
slower than relational database
27
Major uses of DBMS
1. database development
2. database query
3. database maintenance
4. Application development
28
database development
one of the major uses of DBMS
| procedure by which a database administrator uses the DBMS to create a new, empty database
29
database query
one of the major uses of DBMS
process by which end users can retrieve specific data or info from the database
end user establishes certain criteria and all data are displayed
SQL
30
database maintenance
one of the major uses of DBMS
updating of DBMS software and revision of the database structure to reflect new business needs
includes testing the effectiveness and efficiency of the database- via built in diagnostic and maintenance programs(database tuning)
31
application development
one of the major uses of DBMS
allows a DBA or computer programmer to use a programming language or a series of macros to turn a database into a computer software application.
(instead of creating queries as needed, automated)
32
types of databases
```
operational
analytical
data warehouses
distributed databases
end-user databases
```
33
operational database
store detailed data needed to support the day to day operations of an organization .
customer databases
personnel databases
34
analytical database
store data and information extracted from operational database.
summarized data used primarily by managers in an organization
35
data warehouses
store data from current and previos years, often from both operational and analytical databases
data mining to identify trends, patterns, and relationships
36
distributed databases
physically distributed in some manner on different pieces of local or remote hardware
certain data might be replicated
37
end user databases
developed by end users at their workstations
| email, downloads, word processing
38
advantages of DBMS
reduction of data redundancy and inconsistency
potential for data sharing
data independence
data standardization
improved data security
expanded data fields
enhanced info timeliness, effectiveness, and availability
39
disadvantages of DBMS
```
cost
highly trained personnel
increased chances of breakdowns
possible obscuring of the audit trail
specialized backup and recovery procedures required
```
40
referential integrity
prevents deleting of key values in related records
41
programming languages
allow programmers to write programs in source code
| then translated or compiled into the object code
42
fourth generation languages
programming language
| enable end users to develop applications with little or no technical assistance.
43
object oriented programming
programming languages
combines data and specific procedures that operate on that data into an object
intended to produce reusable code
(java)
44
debugging
process of finding errors in computer programs and correcting them
45
application software
diverse group of systems and programs that an organization uses to accomplish its objectives
word processors, spreadsheets, or custom developed
46
network
group of interconnected computers, terminals, communications channels, communications processors, and communications software (LANs)
47
local area network
LAN
permit shared resources among computers within a limited area
normally privately owned
48
components of LAN
```
node
workstaitions
network interface card
transmission media
network operating system
communications devices/modems
communication/network protocols
gateways and routers
client/server configurations
network topologies
```
49
node
component of LAN
| any device connected to a network
50
workstation
component of LAN
| PC
51
server
component of LAN
node dedicated to providing services or resources to the rest of the network
not directly accessible by individual users but only through the network software
52
network interface card
component of LAN
| circuit board installed on a node that allows the node to connect with and communicate over the network
53
transmission media
component of LAN
physical path between nodes on a network
may be wired(fiber optics, etc)
54
network operating system
component of LAN
manages communication over a network
may be a peer to peer system
Windows
55
communications devices/modems
component of LAN
| provides remote access and provides a network with the ability to communicate with others
56
communications/network protocals
component of LAN
establish an interface between the sender and the receiver
transmit the information
route messages along the various paths the info might travel
check for transmission errors
convert messages from one speed or transmission format to another
57
gateways and routers
component of LAN
gateway- combination of hardware and software that connect different types of networks by translating from one set of network protocols to antoher
router-used to route packets of data through several interconnected LANs
bridge- connect segments of a LAN which both use the same set of network protocols
58
client/server configurations
workstations referred to as clients
| send data to servers
59
network topologies
defines physical configuration of the devices and the cables that connect them
bus
ring
star tree
60
bus network
topology
uses a common backbone to connect all of the devices on the network
if any device is down the entire network is down
eg. ethernet
61
ring network
topology formed in a ring with each device connected to two other devices
signals are transmitted in the form of messages that are transmitted to and are received by all of the devices sequentially, but only if the intended device actually accepts and processes the message
62
star networks
topology formed in a star with each device connected to a central hub which controls the transmission.
If any device is own, only that device is down, if the hub is down, the entire network is down
63
tree network
topology connects multiple stars into a bus
| each hub is connected to the bus and handles the transmission for its star
64
backbone
part of a network that carries the major portion of the network traffic
65
bandwith
measure of a communication medium's information carrying capacity.
66
ethernet
large collection of frame-based networking technologies for LANs
incorporates a number of wiring and speed standards for the physical layer and common addressing and message format
67
file transport protocol
FTP
| network protocol used to exchange files
68
IPv4
curreNt version of IP with 32 bit addresses
69
simple mail transfer protocol
SMTP
protocol for transmitting text based email.
provides outbound, not inbound, mail transport
70
simple network management protocol
SNMP
protocol for monitoring a network.
piece of software called an agent runs on each of the devices being monitored and reports information to the network management/monitoring system
71
single log in
system that allows a user who utilizes several different systems the ability to log in to them all with one user ID and one password
72
storage area network
SAN
network that contains remote storaage devices to servers in such a way that the devices appear to the operating system be local devices
used in large organizations
73
voice over internet protocol
VoIP
| routing of voice conversations over the internet
74
wide area networks
WANs allow national and international communications .
usually employ nondedicated public communications channels (satellite) as communications media
point to point networks
value added networks
internet based networks
75
value added networks
VANs are privately owned and managed communications networks that provide additional services beyond standard data transmission (EDI)
- automatic error detection
- protocol conversion
- message storing and forwarding
- good security
- batch transactions
- fixed fee plus fee per transaction(prohibitive)
76
internet based networks
use internet protocols and public communications channels to establish network communications.
- individual transactions are transmitted immediately
- costs are substantially lower
- increases number of potential trading partners
- virtual private networks
77
intranets
connect geographically separate LANs within a company
| more secure than the internet because it has restricted user community and local control
78
extranets
permit company suppliers, customers, and business partners to have direct access to the company's network
79
wireless networks security risks
another venue for attack (convenient and easy)
80
wireless application protocol
WAP is a protocol that enables cellphones and other wireless devices to access web-based info and services
